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Hahn J, Fogliaroni P, Frank AU and Navratil G (2016), "A Computational Model for Context and Spatial Concepts", In Proceedings. , pp. 3-19. Springer.
Abstract: A natural language interface will improve the human-computer interaction with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A prerequisite for this is the mapping of natural language expressions onto spatial queries. Previous mapping approaches using, for example, fuzzy sets, failed because of the flexible and context-dependent use of spatial terms. Context changes the interpretation drastically. For example, the spatial relation ''near'' can be mapped onto distances ranging anywhere from kilometers to centimeters. We present a context-enriched semiotic triangle that allows us to distinguish between multiple interpretations. As formalization we introduce the notation of contextualized concepts that is tied to one context. One concept inherits multiple contextualized concepts such that multiple interpretations can be distinguished. The interpretation for one contextualized concept corresponds to the intention of the spatial term, and is used as input for a spatial query. To demonstrate our computational model, a next generation GIS is envisioned that maps the spatial relation ''near'' to spatial queries differently according to the influencing context.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hahn16:3[TUW-250059],

  author = {Hahn, Jürgen and Fogliaroni, Paolo and Frank, Andrew U. and Navratil, Gerhard},
  editor = {Sarjakoski, Tapani and Santos, Maribel Yasmina and Sarjakoski, Tiina},
  title = {A Computational Model for Context and Spatial Concepts},
  booktitle = {Proceedings},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {3--19},
  note = {Vortrag: 19th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science, Helsinki, Finland; 2016-06-14 -- 2016-06-17},
  file = {docs/after2010/_pub.2016.context_and_spatial_concepts.pdf}
}
Karimipour F, Alinaghi N, Weiser P and Frank AU (2016), "Contextual Adaptability of Navigational Spatial Descriptions: A Pragmatic Comparison", In Progress in Cartography. Berlin Heidelberg , pp. 413-431. Springer Verlag.
Abstract: Different forms of spatial descriptions are used to communicate information in the context of navigation in urban environments. When generated by computers, such descriptions are combinations of map features in a predefined way. Unlike computers, however, people are capable of flexibly generating navigational spatial descriptions by taking into account a wide array of different contextual factors, e.g. a user's prior knowledge and the structure of the environment. This paper deploys the notion of pragmatics to compare formal addresses, route descriptions (generated either by computers or humans), and destination descriptions in terms of their adaptability to contextual factors in order to identify the means to creating more cognitively sound information systems.
BibTeX:
@incollection{karimipour16:413[TUW-250716],

  author = {Karimipour, Farid and Alinaghi, Negar and Weiser, Paul and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Gartner, Georg and Jobst, Markus and Huang, Haosheng},
  title = {Contextual Adaptability of Navigational Spatial Descriptions: A Pragmatic Comparison},
  booktitle = {Progress in Cartography},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {413--431},
  file = {docs/after2010/338573_1_En_25_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf}
}
Ivanovic C and Frank AU (2015), "Corpus-based Research in Computational Comparative Literature", In Proceedings of the Workshop on Corpus-Based Research in the Humanities (CRH). , pp. 69-78. Polish Academy of Sciences.
Abstract: Comparative literature investigates texts simultaneously in multiple languages. It is by definition conducting corpus-based research (each study is based on a quantitatively discernible number of texts chosen by single sets of qualities), in practice however it is facing diverse limitations which restrict the value of generalized statements. We propose to extend well approved methods of corpus-based research to computational comparative literature in order to overcome those limitations. The core is the construction of a large corpus of annotated literary texts with a related set of computational analysis methods. The aspects of the proposed technical solution make it even suited for the comparison of multi-lingual text corpora, as the same methods can be applied to all texts irrespective of language. Computational comparative literature has a supportive function for established approaches in comparative literature. It allows for systematic evaluation of a large number of texts that goes beyond established questions.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{ivanovic15:69[TUW-246559],

  author = {Ivanovic, Christine and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Mambrini, Francesco and Passarotti, Marco and Sporleder, Caroline},
  title = {Corpus-based Research in Computational Comparative Literature},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Corpus-Based Research in the Humanities (CRH)},
  publisher = {Polish Academy of Sciences},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {69--78},
  note = {Vortrag: Workshop on Corpus-Based Research in the Humanities (CRH), Warschau; 2015-12-10},
  file = {docs/after2010/corpus_based_research_print_version_KORRIGIERT.pdf}
}
Mocnik F-B and Frank AU (2015), "Modelling Spatial Structures", In Spatial Information Theory. LNCS 9368 , pp. 44-64. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Abstract: Data is spatial if it contains references to space. We can easily detect explicit references, for example coordinates, but we cannot detect whether data implicitly contains references to space, and whether it has properties of spatial data, if additional semantic information is missing. In this paper, we propose a graph model that meets typical properties of spatial data. we can, by the comparison of a graph representation of a ata set to the graph model, decide whether the data set (implicitly or explicitly) has these typical properties of spatial data.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{mocnik15:44[TUW-242165],

  author = {Mocnik, Franz-Benjamin and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Fabrikant, Sara and Raubal, Martin and Bertolotto, Michela and Davies, Clare and Freundschuh, Scott and Bell, Scott},
  title = {Modelling Spatial Structures},
  booktitle = {Spatial Information Theory},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing Switzerland},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {44--64},
  note = {Vortrag: 12th International Conference, COSIT 2015, Santa Fe, NM, USA; 2015-10-12 -- 2015-10-16},
  file = {docs/after2010/Franz-BenjaminMocnik-2015-ModellingSpatialStructures.pdf}
}
Hobel H and Frank AU (2014), "Exploiting Linked Spatial Data and Granularity Transformations", In Workshop on Geographic Information Observatories 2014. , pp. 15-22. online Proceeding.
Abstract: Geographic information is one of the fundamental core databr>sources for various applications. Freely available geographic informationbr>knowledge bases are emerging and the spatial dimension has becomebr>part of the Linked Open Data initiative. However, geographic informationbr>is stored as abstract geographic objects and exploring, extracting,br>and understanding the information must be facilitated for different userbr>perspectives and use cases. We propose to use a semantic model and anbr>extraction methodology which is aimed at allowing the consumption ofbr>geographic information in an intuitive way. We illustrate our approachbr>based on previous work of a highway navigation conceptualization andbr>present a functional approach to exploit granularity extractions targetedbr>at enabling the user to change the point of view in navigation tasks.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hobel14:15[TUW-235546],

  author = {Hobel, Heidelinde and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Janowicz, Krzystof},
  title = {Exploiting Linked Spatial Data and Granularity Transformations},
  booktitle = {Workshop on Geographic Information Observatories 2014},
  publisher = {online Proceeding},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {15--22},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_235546.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/PubDat_235546.pdf}
}
Navratil G and Frank AU (2013), "VGI for Land Administration - A Quality Perspective", In 8th International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality. XL-2/W1, 2013 ISPRS Archives.
Abstract: The location check-in data, developing along with social network, are considered as user-generated crowd-sourcing geospatial data. With massive data volume, abundance in contained information, and high up-to-date status, the check-in data provide a new data source for geographic information service represented by location-based service. However, there is a significant quality issue regarding to crowd-sourcing data, which has a direct influence to data availability. In this paper, a data quality analysis approach is designed for the location check-in data and a check-in data uncertainty model is proposed. First of all, the quality issue of location check-in data is discussed. Then, according to the characteristics of check-in data, a location check-in data quality analysis and data processing approach is proposed, using certain standard dataset as reference to conduct an affine transformation for the check-in dataset, during which the RANSAC algorithm is adopted for outlier elimination. Subsequently, combining GIS data uncertainty theory, an uncertainty model of processed check-in data is set up. At last, using location check-in data obtained from jiepang.com as experimental data and selected navigation data as data standard, multiple location check-in data quality analysis and uncertainty modeling experiments are conducted. By comprehensive analysis of experimental results, the feasibility of proposed location checkin data quality analysis and process approach and the availability of proposed uncertainty model are verified. The novel approach is proved to have a certain practical significance to the study of the quality issue of crowd-sourcing geographic data.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{navratil13[TUW-218372],

  author = {Navratil, Gerhard and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Wu, B. and Guilbert, E. and Shi, Wenzhong},
  title = {VGI for Land Administration - A Quality Perspective},
  booktitle = {8th International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality},
  publisher = {ISPRS Archives},
  year = {2013},
  note = {Vortrag: 8th International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality, Hong Kong; 2013-05-30 -- 2013-06-01},
  file = {docs/after2010/isprsarchives-XL-2-W1-159-2013.pdf}
}
Weiser P, Frank AU and Abdalla A (2012), "Process Composition And Process Reasoning Over Multiple Levels Of Detail", In Extended Abstracts.
Abstract: Space and time are the most prominent features of our everyday experience. While we can movebr>relatively freely within and interact with space, time imposes stricter restrictions on us. We arebr>mere bystanders to the ever-changing flow of time. Close observation of our environment revealsbr>that nothing stands still and everything changes constantly.br>It is generally acknowledged that GIS need to account for the dynamic aspects of the world.br>The almost exclusive depiction of static phenomena (spatial configurations) in GIS reveals itsbr>close historical ties to Cartography. A first call to move beyond the ''map metaphor'' and focusbr>on ''spatial processes, changing the spatial configuration'' can be found in Abler et al. (1971). Anbr>integration of processes in GIS will help to answer questions related to ''When somethingbr>happened or will happen'' (Frank 1998). For a thorough review focusing on the dynamic aspectsbr>in GIS research see Worboys (2005). The vision of a fully dynamic GIS requires a simple,br>combinable, and scalable formal application-independent approach (Weiser and Frank 2010).br>In this work we present our ongoing research on (1) how to represent processes over multiplebr>levels of detail, (2) their combination, and as a result (3) reasoning over processes. We buildbr>upon the notion of ''processes over multiple levels of detail (LoD)'' we have formalizedbr>previously, using partial function application (Weiser and Frank 2012). We now focus on thebr>challenges that arise from combining those processes.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{weiser12[TUW-214935],

  author = {Weiser, Paul and Frank, Andrew U. and Abdalla, Amin},
  title = {Process Composition And Process Reasoning Over Multiple Levels Of Detail},
  booktitle = {Extended Abstracts},
  year = {2012},
  note = {Vortrag: GIScience 2012, Columbus, Ohio; 2012-09-18 -- 2012-09-21}
}
Abdalla A and Frank AU (2012), "Towards the spatialization of PIM-tools", In Proceedings of the young reserachers forum on geographic information science. Band 44/ Muenster , pp. 105-110. ifgiPrints.
Abstract: Personal Information Management is the study of how people store andbr>retrieve data for their purposes. Traditionally the data is stored in applications like calendars, todo-lists, address books, etc... These applications or PIM-tools do not take the spatial character of much of the information into account. But space, just as time plays a major role in the way we organize and utilize personal information.br>In this paper we present ongoing research in which we try to identify a proper formalism for integrating space into PIM-tools. We therefore attempt to model an ordinary task from daily life experience and expect to find answers to the question of how and what to integrate into a system to move from a regular PIM-tool to a spatial-PIM.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{abdalla12:105[TUW-214892],

  author = {Abdalla, Amin and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Krey, Christian and Kuhn, Werner and Schwering, Angela and Pebesma, Edzer},
  title = {Towards the spatialization of PIM-tools},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the young reserachers forum on geographic information science},
  publisher = {ifgiPrints},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {105--110},
  note = {Vortrag: GI Zeitgeist 2012, Muenster; 2012-05-16 -- 2012-05-17},
  file = {docs/after2010/Towards_a_spatialization_of_PIM_tools.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Navratil G (2011), "Ignoring Correlation Leads to bone Shaped Confidence Regions and other Counter-Intuitive Aspects of Spatial Data Quality", In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality. , pp. 95-100. INESC Coimbra.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank11:95[TUW-200110],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Navratil, Gerhard},
  editor = {Fonte, Cidália C. and Goncalves, Luisa and Goncalves, Gil},
  title = {Ignoring Correlation Leads to bone Shaped Confidence Regions and other Counter-Intuitive Aspects of Spatial Data Quality},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality},
  publisher = {INESC Coimbra},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {95--100},
  note = {Vortrag: International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality, Coimbra; 2011-10-12 -- 2011-10-14}
}
Abdalla A and Frank AU (2011), "Personal Geographic Information Management", In Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Engineering for Mobile GIS.
Abstract: Traditionally personal information management (PIMs) tools supportbr>people in their daily tasks. While research around personal information management focuses on how to store and retrieve information e ciently,we focus on the use of spatial (geographic) aspects in personal information. Tasks and appointments are represented in calendars or todolists,br>often including temporal and sometimes even spatial information. Un-br>fortunately the spatial information is seldom used for task planning or execution support. Therefore current PIM applications, e.g. on mobile phones, do not use the full power of the devices, and they too often simply resemble a piece of paper with the relevant information on it. The research goal is to extend the possibilities of modern GIS and enable ubiquitous GPS technology to pro-actively support the user in his daily tasks.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{abdalla11[TUW-205037],

  author = {Abdalla, Amin and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Personal Geographic Information Management},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Engineering for Mobile GIS},
  year = {2011},
  note = {Vortrag: Workshop on Cognitive Engineering for Mobile GIS 2011 (COSIT 2011), Belfast, Maine; 2011-09-12},
  file = {docs/after2010/Personal_Geographic_Information_Management.pdf}
}
Karimipour F (2010), "A Mathematical Tool to Extend 2D Spatial Operations to Higher Dimensions". Thesis at: University of Tehran.
Abstract: 3D and temporal objects must be included in GIS to handle real
world phenomena. Many have studied extension of spatial operations to these
multi-dimensional spaces and suggested technical solutions to extend a spatial
operation to a new multi-dimensional space. These technical approaches have
led to developments which can not be generalized. One technique used to
extend a spatial operation from 2D to a multi-dimensional space is not likely
usable for another spatial operation, nor to extend the same spatial operation to
another multi-dimensional space. This paper suggested studying spatial
operations via their dimension-independent properties. It intends to construct a
mathematical framework to integrate spatial operations of different multi-
dimensional spaces (3D and time) a GIS should support. The framework will be
independent of the space in which the operations are applied using algebraic
structures - and more specifically category theory - that ignore those properties
of operations which depend on the objects they are applied to. Implementations
for some case studies for spatial operations of moving points are presented.
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Karimipour2010,

  author = {Farid Karimipour},
  title = {A Mathematical Tool to Extend 2D Spatial Operations to Higher Dimensions},
  school = {University of Tehran},
  year = {2010},
  note = {Supervisors. Mahmoud Reza Delavar and Andrew U. Frank},
  file = {docs/docs4/4432_ICCSA_2008_FKMDAF_153-164.pdf}
}
Karimipour F, Delavar M and Frank AU (2010), "A simplex-based approach to implement dimension independent spatial analyses", Computers & Geosciences. Vol. 36(9), pp. 1123-1134.
BibTeX:
@article{karimipour10:1123[TUW-187459],

  author = {Karimipour, Farid and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {A simplex-based approach to implement dimension independent spatial analyses},
  journal = {Computers & Geosciences},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {36},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1123--1134},
  file = {docs/after2010/1-s2.0-S0098300410001275-main.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2010), "How Do People Think about Space - Position Paper", In Seminar 10131 Spatial Representation and Reasoning in Language : Ontologies and Logics of Space.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank10[TUW-185252],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Bateman, John and Cohn, A. and Pustejovsky, James},
  title = {How Do People Think about Space - Position Paper},
  booktitle = {Seminar 10131 Spatial Representation and Reasoning in Language : Ontologies and Logics of Space},
  year = {2010},
  note = {Vortrag: Schloss Dagstuhl Seminars, Dagstuhl, Germany; 2010-03-28 -- 2010-04-01},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_185252.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/PubDat_185252.pdf}
}
Bulbul R and Frank AU (2010), "Intersection of Nonconvex Polygons Using the Alternate Hierarchical Decomposition", In Geospatial Thinking. , pp. 1-23. Springer.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{bulbul10:1[TUW-185802],

  author = {Bulbul, Rizwan and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Painho, Marco and Santos, Marcelo and Pundt, Hardy},
  title = {Intersection of Nonconvex Polygons Using the Alternate Hierarchical Decomposition},
  booktitle = {Geospatial Thinking},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {1--23},
  note = {Vortrag: AGILE 2010, Guimaraes, Portugal,; 2010-05-11 -- 2010-05-14},
  file = {docs/after2010/Intersection_of_Nonconvex_Polygons_Using_the_Alter.pdf}
}
Rezayan H, Delavar MR, Frank AU and Mansouri A (2010), "Spatial rules that generate urban patterns: Emergence of fractal urban pattern"
Abstract: This paper studies emergence/generation of power law in rank-order distribution of axial line length,
which is a global pattern observed in real cities, due to interaction of a set of seven simple spatial rules
at a local scale. These rules and their interactions form a model expected to simulate the morphological
structure of free spaces in unplanned organic pedestrian small cities. Effects of each of the seven rules
are discussed through repeated simulations of eight possible combinations of the rules, using a bottom-
up process. The results show that the rules generate environments with statistically stable rank-order
distribution of axial line length that follows the power law. It means that the axial maps of the simulated
environments have a scale-free hierarchical structure such that their distributions lean toward short axial
lines. It also represents dominance of local spatial structure, as the model renders a faster rate of growth
at a local scale while allowing a steady growth at a global scale.
BibTeX:
@unpublished{Rezayan,

  author = {H. Rezayan and M. R. Delavar and Andrew U. Frank and A. Mansouri},
  title = {Spatial rules that generate urban patterns: Emergence of fractal urban pattern},
  year = {2010},
  file = {docs/docsH/PubDat_186479.pdf}
}
Rezayan H, Delavar M, Frank AU and Mansouri M (2010), "Spatial rules that generate urban patterns: Emergence of the power law in the distribution of axial line length", International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. Vol. 12(5), pp. 317-330.
BibTeX:
@article{rezayan10:317[TUW-186479],

  author = {Rezayan, H and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U. and Mansouri, M.},
  title = {Spatial rules that generate urban patterns: Emergence of the power law in the distribution of axial line length},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {12},
  number = {5},
  pages = {317--330},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_186479.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/rezayanjag.pdf}
}
Bulbul R and Frank AU (2009), "AHD: The alternate hierarchical decomposition of nonconvex polytopes (generalization of a convex polytope based spatial data model)", In Geoinformatics, 2009 17th International Conference on. Wien IEEE Explore.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{bulbul09[TUW-178374],

  author = {Bulbul, Rizwan and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {AHD: The alternate hierarchical decomposition of nonconvex polytopes (generalization of a convex polytope based spatial data model)},
  booktitle = {Geoinformatics, 2009 17th International Conference on},
  publisher = {IEEE Explore},
  year = {2009},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_178374.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/PubDat_178374.pdf}
}
Karimipour F, Delavar M and Frank AU (2009), "An Algebraic Approach to Extend Spatial Operations to Moving Objects", World Applied Sciences Journal. Vol. 6(10)
Abstract: Early Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) dealt with static objects. There is much demand,
however, to include temporal objects in these systems. Many have studied this problem and suggested
technical solutions for different spatial operations. A common shortcoming is that the extension techniques
are highly dependent on the specific case studies and cannot be generalized. In this paper, we propose
studying spatial operations via their dimension-independent properties. This research intends to construct a
mathematical framework that contains primitives for different operations. The framework will be
independent of the space in which the operations are applied using algebraic structures-and more
specifically category theory-that ignore those properties of operations which depend on the objects they are
applied to. Implementations for some case studies are presented.
BibTeX:
@article{karimipour09[TUW-182196],

  author = {Karimipour, Farid and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {An Algebraic Approach to Extend Spatial Operations to Moving Objects},
  journal = {World Applied Sciences Journal},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {6},
  number = {10},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_182196.pdf},
  file = {docs/docsA/Algebraic_SpatialOperations_MovingObjects_V1_WASJ2009.pdf}
}
Hofer B and Frank AU (2009), "Composing Models of Geographic Physical Processes", In Spatial Information Theory 9th International Conference. LNCS 5756 , pp. 421-435. Springer.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hofer09:421[TUW-177634],

  author = {Hofer, Barbara and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Hornsby, Kathleen and Claramunt, Christophe and Denis, Michel and Ligozat, Gérard},
  title = {Composing Models of Geographic Physical Processes},
  booktitle = {Spatial Information Theory 9th International Conference},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {421--435},
  note = {Vortrag: COSIT 2009, Aber Wrac'h, France; 2009-09-21 -- 2009-09-25},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_177634.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/PubDat_177634.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2009), "Multi-cultural Aspects of Spatial Knowledge", In GeoSpatial Semantics. Heidelberg , pp. 1-8. Springer.
Abstract: It is trivial to observe differences between cultures: people use different languages,
have different modes of building houses and organize their cities differently, to men-
tion only a few. Differences in the culture of different people were and still are one of
the main reasons for travel to foreign countries. The question whether cultural differ-
ences are relevant for the construction of Geographic Information Systems is
longstanding (Burrough et al. 1995) and is of increasing interest since geographic
information is widely accessible using the web and users volunteer information to be
included in the system (Goodchild 2007). The review of how the question of cultural
differences was posed at different times reveals a great deal about the conceptualiza-
tion of GIS at different times and makes a critical review interesting.
At the heart of the discussion of cultural differences relevant for GIScience is a
Whorfian hypothesis that different cultural backgrounds could be responsible for dif-
ferences in the way space and spatial relations are conceived. Whorf claimed that
people using a language with more differentiation, for example in terms describing
different types of snow, also perceive reality differently from people using a language
with less differentiation (Carroll 1956). An early contribution picked up on sugges-
tions made by Mark and others (Mark et al. 1989b) and identified several distinct is-
sues that could be investigated individually (Campari et al. 1993):
1. the cultural assumptions that is built into the GIS software may differ from those
of the user;
2. the influence of decision context in which a GIS is used;
3. the conceptualization of space and time may differ;
4. differences in the administrative processes and how they structure space;
5. the sense of territoriality, ownership or dominance of space, is different between
people, again citing ethnographic examples;
6. the influence of the material culture, the ecosystem, economy and technology.
Campari and Frank in this early paper asked the question whether a single or a few
GIS software packages could serve universally or local (national) development of GIS
software, which still existed at that time, were justified by cultural differences.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank09,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Janowicz, Krzystof and Raubal, Martin and Levashkin, Sergei},
  title = {Multi-cultural Aspects of Spatial Knowledge},
  booktitle = {GeoSpatial Semantics},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {1--8},
  note = {Vortrag: GeoS 2009, Mexico City, Mexico; 2009-12-03 -- 2009-12-04},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat-179260.pdf},
  file = {docs/docs4/4757_Multipl_GeoS_09_58920001.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2009), "Scale Is Introduced in Spatial Datasets by Observation Processes", In Spatial Data Quality From Process to Decision. , pp. 17-29. CRC Press.
Abstract: An ontological investigation of data quality reveals that the quality of the data must be the result of the observation processes and the imperfections of these. Real observation processes are always imperfect. The imperfections are caused by (1) random perturbations, and (2) the physical size of the sensor. Random effects are well-known and typically included in data quality descriptions. The effects of the physical size of the sensor limit the detail observable and introduce a scale to the observations. The traditional description of maps by scale took such scale effects into account, and must be carried forward to the data quality description of modern digital geographic data. If a sensor system is well-balanced, the random perturbations, size of the sensor and optical blur (if present) are of the same order of magnitude and a summary of data quality as a `scale' of a digital data set is therefore theoretically justifiable.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank09scale,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Devillers, Rodolphe and Goodchild, Michael},
  title = {Scale Is Introduced in Spatial Datasets by Observation Processes},
  booktitle = {Spatial Data Quality From Process to Decision},
  publisher = {CRC Press},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {17--29},
  note = {Vortrag: 6th ISSDQ 2009, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada; 2009-07-05 -- 2009-07-08},
  file = {docs/docs4/4669_ISSDQ_paper_119doc_18Bceb.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2009), "Why Is Cartographic Generalization so Hard?", In Seminar 09161 Generalization of Spatial Information. Dagstuhl, Germany Schloss Dagstuhl GmbH.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank09why,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Mustiere, Sebastien and Sester, Monika and van Harmelen, Frank and van Oosterom, Peter},
  title = {Why Is Cartographic Generalization so Hard?},
  booktitle = {Seminar 09161 Generalization of Spatial Information},
  publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl GmbH},
  year = {2009},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat-175056.pdf},
  file = {docs/docs4/4755_Cartographic_Generaliazation_Dagstuhl_2009.pdf}
}
Karimipour F, Delavar M and Frank AU (2008), "A Mathematical Tool to Extend 2D Spatial Operations", In Computational Science and Its Applications - ICCSA 2008. LNCS 5072 /Part 1/ Heldelberg , pp. 153-164. Springer.
Abstract: 3D and temporal objects must be included in GIS to handle realbr>world phenomena. Many have studied extension of spatial operations to these multi-dimensional spaces and suggested technical solutions to extend a spatial operation to a new multi-dimensional space. These technical approaches have led to developments which can not be generalized. One technique used to extend a spatial operation from 2D to a multi-dimensional space is not likely usable for another spatial operation, nor to extend the same spatial operation to another multi-dimensional space. This paper suggested studying spatial operations via their dimension-independent properties. It intends to construct a mathematical framework to integrate spatial operations of different multidimensional spaces (3D and time) a GIS should support. The framework will be independent of the space in which the operations are applied using algebraic structures - and more specifically category theory - that ignore those properties of operations which depend on the objects they are applied to. Implementations for some case studies for spatial operations of moving points are presented.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{karimipour08:153[TUW-165680],

  author = {Karimipour, Farid and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Gervasi, Osvaldo and Murgante, Beniamino and Laganà, Antonio and Taniar, David and Mun, Yungsong and Gavrilova, Marina},
  title = {A Mathematical Tool to Extend 2D Spatial Operations},
  booktitle = {Computational Science and Its Applications - ICCSA 2008},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {153--164},
  note = {Vortrag: Iccsa 2008, Perugia, Italy; 2008-06-30 -- 2008-07-02},
  file = {/home/frank/Downloads/A_Mathematical_Tool_to_Extend_2D_Spatial_Operation.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2008), "Shortest Path in a Multi-Modal Transportation Network", KI Künstliche Intelligenz. Vol. 3(3), pp. 14-18.
Abstract: Location Based Services to assist travelers in wayfinding are a prime application for expert system techniques. The use of public transportation leads nearly always to a combination of different services from different providers (multi-modal transportation). Information systems must combine data for the different services and produce advice to navigate in space and to obtain the right tickets, reservations, etc. This information can be seen as two (or more) state-transition diagrams: one for the spatial navigation and one for the business (ticketing, validation, reservation) rules. A (categorical) product combines two state-transition diagrams. The implementation is immediate using an intuitionistic logic reasoner built into the programming language, which infers typing for second order, polymorphic functions and allows their safe execution. The shortest path algorithm in this combined network produces sound advice and reminds the user to acquire tickets and plans the necessary navigation to ticket vending machines, etc. The analysis shows how to specify the connections between the two graphs optionally. The approach combines typical expert system technologies like inference engines with object-oriented programing; recent advances increase the level of reasoning possible during compilation. The use of a high-level programming language with substantial inference power facilitates the formalization of domain knowledge and is a viable alternative to the classical expert system architecture.
BibTeX:
@article{frank08,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Shortest Path in a Multi-Modal Transportation Network},
  journal = {KI Künstliche Intelligenz},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {14--18},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat-166268.pdf},
  file = {docs/docs4/4430_Combine_nav_pub_transportation.pdf}
}
Rezayan H, Delavar M, Frank AU and Mansouri M (2008), "Spatial Rules Generate Urban Patterns: Emergence of the Small-World Network", In Headway in Spatial Data Handling. , pp. 533-555. Springer.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{rezayan08:533[TUW-186371],

  author = {Rezayan, H and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U. and Mansouri, M.},
  editor = {Ruas, Anne and Gold, Christopher},
  title = {Spatial Rules Generate Urban Patterns: Emergence of the Small-World Network},
  booktitle = {Headway in Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {533--555},
  note = {Vortrag: Spatial Data Handling 2008, Montpellier France; 2008-06-23 -- 2008-06-25},
  file = {docs/after2010/Spatialrulesthatgenerateurbanpatterns_Emergenceofthesmallworldnetwork.pdf}
}
Hofer B and Frank AU (2008), "Towards a Method to Generally Describe Physical Spatial Processes", In Headway in Spatial Data Handling. LNG&C , pp. 217-232. Springer.
Abstract: Spatial processes are the focus of geography and should play a prominent role in geographic information systems (GIS). However, current GIS focus on the static description of properties in space and do not systematically support processes. A general method to describe spatial processes is a prerequisite to including processes in GIS software. This paper outlines an attempt to a general and application independent method to describe processes, limited currently to physical spatial processes. The methodology is based on first modeling a process with a deterministic model. The deterministic models employed here divide the region of interest into blocks and define the influence of the process on each block. The resulting model equations are then related to partial differential equations (PDEs), which are an alternative method for describing processes. Thereby, the qualitative characteristics of processes are identified. A method for describing processes has to be capable of covering the identified characteristics of the processes. As an example the process of diffusion of a contaminant in water is analyzed. The results of this study suggest that this approach allows identifying commonalities among spatial physical processes. These insights can lead to a set of types of processes on which a method to describe spatial processes can be based in the long run.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hofer08:217[TUW-121164],

  author = {Hofer, Barbara and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Ruas, Anne and Gold, Christopher},
  title = {Towards a Method to Generally Describe Physical Spatial Processes},
  booktitle = {Headway in Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {217--232},
  note = {Vortrag: Spatial Data Handling 2008, Montpellier France; 2008-06-23 -- 2008-06-25},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub-geo_2249.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/pub-geo_2249.pdf}
}
Malek MR, Frank AU and Delavar MR (2007), "A Logic-Based Foundation for Spatial Relationships in Mobile GIS Environment", In Location Based Services and TeleCartography. Berlin, Heidelberg , pp. 193-204. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Abstract: The mobile computing is a new revolutionary style of technology that enables us to access information anywhere and anytime. Mobile GIS as an integrating system of mobile computing and some GIS capabilities has fostered a great interest in the GIS field. Although mobile computing has expanded in the past decade, there are still some important constraints the complicate work with a mobile information system. The limited resources in the mobile computing would restrict some features that are available in the traditional computing technology. This chapter attempts to provide a paradigm to treat moving objects in a mobile GIS environment. An idea based on space and time partitioning is suggested. A logic-based framework for representing and reasoning about qualitative spatial relations over moving objects in space and time is proposed. We provide convincing evidence of this theory, by demonstrating how it can provide a framework model of topological relations in space and time. The expressivity power of the proposed framework is shown with some new topological relationships between moving objects and describing the coaching problem in a mobile environment. The latter finds its application in RoboCup championship and battlefield, as well.
BibTeX:
@inbook{Malek2007,

  author = {Malek, Mohammad Reza and Frank, Andrew U. and Delavar, Mahmoud Reza},
  editor = {Gartner, Georg and Cartwright, William and Peterson, Michael P.},
  title = {A Logic-Based Foundation for Spatial Relationships in Mobile GIS Environment},
  booktitle = {Location Based Services and TeleCartography},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {193--204},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36728-4_15},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-36728-4_15}
}
Frank AU (2007), "Information Processes Produce the Imperfection in the Data", In Headway in Spatial Data Handling. , pp. 467-486. Springer, LNG&C.
Abstract: All knowledge derives from observation, which is refined and restructured in
complex information processes. This article analyzes the information processes with which
data or knowledge are transformed from observation to compact, abstract knowledge and
decisions. Three ontological tiers for data or knowledge are differentiated:
• observations of physical properties at a point (sense data);
• formation of object data with summary descriptive properties (granulation) and their
mental classification;
• conceptual constructions with representations in context that can be communicated.
It derives the properties of the imperfections in data from the properties of the information
processes and argues that all imperfections in our knowledge must be explained from the
properties of the information processes involved. Observations are mainly influenced by
random errors that can be modeled by a normal distribution. Granulation can be described by
transformations of probability distribution functions (PDF) and mental classification results in
fuzzy values. Constructions are free of error within the defining context; better models than
supervaluation for the imperfections introduced by change of context are critically needed for
semantic data interoperability.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank4345,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  title = {Information Processes Produce the Imperfection in the Data},
  booktitle = {Headway in Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {Springer, LNG&C},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {467--486},
  file = {docs/docs4/4345_Information_Process_Produce_V8af.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2007), "Navigation System as an Application of the Geodesic in a Discrete Graph"
Abstract: Navigation systems help car drivers and pedestrians to find their way in unknown environments;
they are probably the most widely used GIS application. GIScience investigates the theoretical foundations for
geoinformation. This article describes a series of recent investigations focusing on finding the shortest path in
a network represented as graph. This seems comparable to the geodesic in continuous space, but operations in
discrete space must rely usually on (agent) simulation.
To aid pedestrians in wayfinding and using public transportation systems effectively, they need information
not only for their spatial decisions (e.g., buy ticket). These business aspects can be represented as a second
graph they navigate. The article shows a novel solution to merge two state-transition graphs using category
theory. The resulting formula can be used immediately to program simulation systems or wayfinding
programs.
BibTeX:
@unpublished{frank4304,

  author = {Andrew U. Frank},
  title = {Navigation System as an Application of the Geodesic in a Discrete Graph},
  year = {2007},
  file = {docs/docs4/4304_Frank_03.07_V2.pdf}
}
Hofer B and Frank AU (2007), "Visualization Schemes for Spatial Processes", In Geospatial Crossroads @ GIForum. , pp. 74-83. Wichmann Verlag.
Abstract: The visualization of spatial data has a long tradition in the fields of cartography and geographic information science. There are guidelines for the visualization of topographic and thematic data. Dynamic spatial processes, which are becoming important for the development of geographic information systems (GIS), demand visualization guidelines for processes. The objective of this paper is to find an assignment of dynamic visualization schemes, i.e., animations and dynamic symbols like arrows, to types of processes. Our means to identify the types of processes, which are the basis of this investigation, is the theory of partial differential equations (PDEs). This approach reveals three main types of processes: diffusion-like, wave-like, and steady-state processes. Our results show that for selecting an appropriate visualization schema we need to know whether the process changes over time and what kind of object the process affects.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hofer07:74[TUW-120733],

  author = {Hofer, Barbara and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Car, Adrijana and Griesebner, Gerald and Strobl, Josef},
  title = {Visualization Schemes for Spatial Processes},
  booktitle = {Geospatial Crossroads @ GIForum},
  publisher = {Wichmann Verlag},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {74--83},
  note = {Vortrag: GIForum, Salzburg; 2007-07-03 -- 2007-07-06},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub-geo_1780.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/pub-geo_1780.pdf}
}
Hajibabai L, Delavar M, Malek MR and Frank AU (2006), "Agent-Based Simulation for Building Fire Emergency Evacuation", In The First ICA Workshop on Geospatial Analysis and Modeling.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hajibabai06[TUW-120495],

  author = {Hajibabai, L. and Delavar, M and Malek, Mohammad Reza and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Jiang, Bin and Sui, Daniel},
  title = {Agent-Based Simulation for Building Fire Emergency Evacuation},
  booktitle = {The First ICA Workshop on Geospatial Analysis and Modeling},
  year = {2006},
  note = {Vortrag: 1st ICA Workshop on Geospatial Analysis and Modeling, Vienna, Austria; 2006-06-08}
}
Shokri T, Delavar M, Malek MR and Frank AU (2006), "Modeling Uncertainty in Spatiotemporal Objects", In Proceedings of Accuracy 2006. , pp. 469-478. Instituto Geográfico Portugues.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{shokri06:469[TUW-120431],

  author = {Shokri, T. and Delavar, M and Malek, Mohammad Reza and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Caetano, Mário and Painho, Marco},
  title = {Modeling Uncertainty in Spatiotemporal Objects},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Accuracy 2006},
  publisher = {Instituto Geográfico Portugues},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {469--478},
  note = {Vortrag: 7th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, LisBoa, Portugal; 2006-07-05 -- 2006-07-07}
}
Frank AU (2006), "Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example", In Classics from IJGIS. Boca Raton, Fl. , pp. 327-353. CRC Press.
Abstract: Geographers use spatial reasoning extensively in large-scale spaces, i.e., spaces that cannot be seen or understood from a single point of view. Spatial reasoning differentiates several spatial relations, e.g. topological or metric relations, and is typically formalized using a Cartesian coordinate system and vector algebra. This quantitative processing of information is clearly different from the ways human draw conclusions about spatial relations. Formalized qualitative reasoning processes are shown to be a necessary part of Spatial Expert Systems and Geographical Information Systems. Addressing a subset of the total problem, namely reasoning with cardinal directions, a completely qualitative method, without resource to analytical procedures, is introduced and a method for its formal comparison with quantitative formula is defined. The focus is on the analysis of cardinal directions and their properties. An algebraic method is used to formalize the meaning of directions. The standard directional symbols (N, W, etc.) are supplemented with a symbol corresponding to an undetermined direction between points too close to each other which greatly increases the power of the inference rules. Two specific systems to determine and reason with cardinal directions are discussed in some detail.br>From this example and some other previous work, a comprehensive set of research steps is laid out, following a mathematically based taxonomy. It includes the extension of distance and direction reasoning to extended objects and the definitions of other metric relations that characterize situations when objects are not disjoined. The conclusions compare such an approach with other concepts.
BibTeX:
@incollection{frank06:327[TUW-120811],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Fisher, Peter},
  title = {Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example},
  booktitle = {Classics from IJGIS},
  publisher = {CRC Press},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {327--353},
  note = {A reprint of my article of the same title in the collection of the "most significant and influential articles ever published in the journal" (Peter Fisher, Summary).}
}
Frank A (2006), "Reduced Data Model for Storing and Retrieving Geographic Data", In Progress in Spatial Data Handling. Berlin Heidelberg New York , pp. 247-262. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank2006c,

  author = {Frank, A.},
  editor = {Riedl, A. and Kainz, W. and Elmes, G.},
  title = {Reduced Data Model for Storing and Retrieving Geographic Data},
  booktitle = {Progress in Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {247--262},
  note = {Vortrag: 12th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Vienna; 2006-07-12 -- 2006-07-14},
  file = {docs/docs4/4166StructuringgeodataSDHFrankV10sent.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2006), "Twenty Years of Reasoning with Spatial Relations", In Classics from IJGIS Twenty Years of the International Journal of Geographical Information Science and Systems. Boca Raton London New York , pp. 353-363. Taylor & Francis.
BibTeX:
@incollection{frank06:353[TUW-120825],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Fisher, Peter},
  title = {Twenty Years of Reasoning with Spatial Relations},
  booktitle = {Classics from IJGIS Twenty Years of the International Journal of Geographical Information Science and Systems},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {353--363}
}
Karimipour F, Delavar M and Frank AU (2005), "Applications of Cartrgory Theory for Dynamic GIS Analyses", In GIS Planet 2005.
Abstract: Geospatial Information Systems (GISs) are widely used to support spatially related
decisions. However, recent developments in time-dependent data from historical
to real time data capture, force GISs to be extended to handle changes over time.
Therefore, existing analysis functions have to be lifted from static to dynamic.
Most of past efforts in this area have used computational techniques for special
purposes. Therefore, using a general concept to establish dynamic capabilities to
a wide range of GIS analyses is useful. This is possible through considering GIS
elements and analyses as algebraic structures using category theory and its
related concepts. It is intended in this paper to define a functor to be used to
transform static GIS analysis functions to dynamic ones using higher order
(functional) languages. To achieve this objective, some major analysis functions
are investigated in this paper and the results will be generalized to the rest, as
further steps of this research.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{karimipour05[TUW-120494],

  author = {Karimipour, Farid and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Goodchild, Michael},
  title = {Applications of Cartrgory Theory for Dynamic GIS Analyses},
  booktitle = {GIS Planet 2005},
  year = {2005},
  note = {Vortrag: GISPLANET, Estoril, Portugal; 2005-05-30 -- 2005-06-02},
  file = {docs/docsA/GISPlanet2005_ApplicationsOfCategoryTheoryForDynamicGISAnalyses.pdf}
}
Abushady A and Frank AU (2005), "How Can Remote Sensing and GIS Help in the Verification of International Treaties?", In Recent Advances in Space Technologies, 2005. RAST 2005. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on. , pp. 517-522. IEEE.
Abstract: This research is designed to investigate how remote sensing and GIS can be used in the verification regime of International Treaties-It focuses on the semantic difference and transformation from the goals of a treaty to the observable and verifiable elements. A case study for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) is presented, demonstrating the potential capabilities for the use of Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing as a verification technology for the use on an On-Site Inspection (OSI) to narrow down the search area for an unknown underground event or a possible underground nuclear explosion. GIS, by spatially linking different layers of information, acts as a logical analytical tool to overview all the inputs for the verification. In simpler words, it adds up all the clues automatically in order to view the whole situation. For example, in the case of a CTBT verification regime, one has multiple data layers in the GIS database representing various technologies. One layer for the Seismic network and findings, another layer for the radionuclide measurements, and another for the visual observation findings. By overlaying all those layers together and by performing spatial querying in the GIS database, suspicious areas are denoted and identified, and hence an On-Site Inspection can be called to concentrate on those areas at first instead of the whole Inspection Area thus saving time and resources. It is clearly demonstrated that Satellite Imagery and GIS are useful tools and technologies in the verification regime for CTB treaty. However, it has to be understood that satellite imagery and GIS alone are insufficient, they have to be used together with all the other technologies stated in the treaty (e.g. seismic, radionuclide, etc.) and that they can not be the only technology used for the verification. Even though they are a powerful tool, they are strongly dependant on human operators and if the analyst makes a mistake in one of his approaches, the whole azimuth of the results shifts towards a wrong solution. Therefore, Satellite Imagery and GIS when integrated with other technologies acts as a strengthening tool to strengthen or weaken the assumptions but not as a litmus test giving a yes or no answer.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{abushady05:517[TUW-120875],

  author = {Abushady, A. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {How Can Remote Sensing and GIS Help in the Verification of International Treaties?},
  booktitle = {Recent Advances in Space Technologies, 2005. RAST 2005. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {517--522},
  note = {Vortrag: RAST 2005, Istanbul, Turkey; 2005-06-09 -- 2005-06-11},
  file = {docs/docsA/Abushady_Frank_Rast_07_01512623[1].pdf}
}
Karimipour F, Delavar M, Frank AU and Rezayan H (2005), "Point in Polygon Analysis for Moving Objects", In The 4th Workshop on Dynamic & Multi-dimensional GIS. 36 , pp. 68-72. ISPRS.
Abstract: The decision whether a moving object is inside a polygon or not is a function of time. This is an important and instructive example
problem to discuss a general method to deal with temporal data in GIS. Recently, some efforts have been done to handle temporal
dimension of our space effectively both in our theoretical and commercial approaches. However, existing commercial GISs have
only very limited support for it. In this situation, GI theory is investigating an appropriate solution through formalizing the
utilization of time on the basis of mathematical and computer sciences. This formalization is carried out by definition of spatial and
temporal concepts, operators, and processes in GI as abstract algebras, which are mapped together using morphisms. The achieved
results have to be more advanced by testing different hypothesis. This idea has been implemented for time lifting of issues related to
moving objects in this paper and the mentioned approaches are used for hypothesis of integrating static and dynamic point in
polygon analysis into a unique algorithm. The conclusions out coming from this work certify validity of these approaches for point
in polygon analysis for moving objects. The results will be generalized to the rest, as further steps of this research.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{karimipour05:68[TUW-120020],

  author = {Karimipour, Farid and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U. and Rezayan, H},
  editor = {Gold, Christopher},
  title = {Point in Polygon Analysis for Moving Objects},
  booktitle = {The 4th Workshop on Dynamic & Multi-dimensional GIS},
  publisher = {ISPRS},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {68--72},
  note = {Vortrag: ISPRS working group II/IV, Pontypridd, Wales, UK; 2005-09-05 -- 2005-09-08},
  file = {docs/docsH/POINT_IN_POLYGON_DMGIS.pdf}
}
Rezayan H, Frank AU, Karimipour F and Delavar M (2005), "Temporal Topological Relationships of Convex Spaces in Space Syntax Theory", In International Syposium on Spatio-temporal Modeling, Spatial Reasoning, Analysis, Data Mining and Data Fusion. Hong Kong , pp. 81-91. Chinese Acedamy of Surveying and Mapping Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Abstract: GI science development has to be served by effective GI theory. Development of GI theory requires clearer characterisation of GI
domain which could illustrate real world better and provide a framework for delineation of rational hypotheses. This aim is followed
in recent researches by using mathematics as the basis of GI theory. Axiomatic set theory and formal logic is the foundation of this
mathematical treatment for study of structures, changes, and spaces in GI domain. While the potential hypotheses require to be
modelled into logical structures and be prepared to be evaluated, computer science is adopted as another foundation of GI theory.
One of the recent trends in GI theory development is characterizing the real world as functions and utilization of category theory and
algebras as the mathematical basis for handling realities and developing hypotheses. Considering this, development of unique and
integrated basis for handling static and dynamic GI concepts is one of the hypotheses which are studied in some researches. Their
outcomes define theoretical feasibility of defining morphisms between static and dynamic domains known as functors or time
liftings. This approach is evaluated for some models and implemented using functional programming languages, however,
evaluations are still required for more different characterization of the world. This paper provided one of these evaluations over a
topological characterization of convex spaces in real world described by Space Syntax theory. This theory illustrates human
settlements and societies as a strongly connected space-time relational system between convex spaces. Such a system is represented
by a connectivity graph. Some morphologic analyses are also defined for deriving properties of the graph that illustrate how the
space and time are overcome by relational systems and convex spaces. Investigation of temporality in Space Syntax theory resulted
that more dynamicity exists in local scales among activities. Then the specific problem of this paper is defined as modelling
integrated static and dynamic analyses of an activity / point based problem in local scale in regards with studying how effective they
overcome space and time. The derived model is implemented using a functional programming language known as Haskell. While the
most important aim of the paper as validity of the time lifting approach for topological models of convex spaces is obtained, some
questions about mixed usage static and dynamic data and how the required computation time and memory is increased are formed.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{rezayan05:81[TUW-120019],

  author = {Rezayan, H and Frank, Andrew U. and Karimipour, Farid and Delavar, M},
  editor = {Tang, Xinming and others},
  title = {Temporal Topological Relationships of Convex Spaces in Space Syntax Theory},
  booktitle = {International Syposium on Spatio-temporal Modeling, Spatial Reasoning, Analysis, Data Mining and Data Fusion},
  publisher = {Chinese Acedamy of Surveying and Mapping Hong Kong Polytechnic University},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {81--91},
  file = {docs/docsH/ISSTM2005 v16 _TemporalTopologicalRelationshipsofConvexSpacesinSpaceSyntaxTheory_.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docsA/ConvexSpaces_SpaceSyntaxTheory_V1_ASTA2007.pdf}
}
Pontikakis E and Frank AU (2004), "Basic Spatial Data According to User's Needs Aspects of Data Quality", In Proceedings of the ISSDQ '04 Volume 1. Volume 1/ Vienna , pp. 13-21. GeoInfo Series.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{pontikakis04:13[TUW-119550],

  author = {Pontikakis, Elissavet and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Basic Spatial Data According to User's Needs Aspects of Data Quality},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the ISSDQ '04 Volume 1},
  publisher = {GeoInfo Series},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {13--21},
  note = {Vortrag: 3rd International Symposium of Spatial Data Quality 2004, Bruck an der Leitha, Austria; 2004-04-15 -- 2004-04-17},
  file = {docs/after2010/10.1.1.1.4578.pdf}
}
Herren M and Frank AU (2004), "How to Increase Usability of Spatial Data by Finding a Link between User and Data", In 7th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science. , pp. 653-661. Crete University Press.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{herren04:653[TUW-119546],

  author = {Herren, Marianne and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Toppen, Fred and Prastacos, Poulicos},
  title = {How to Increase Usability of Spatial Data by Finding a Link between User and Data},
  booktitle = {7th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science},
  publisher = {Crete University Press},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {653--661},
  note = {Vortrag: 7th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; 2004-04-29 -- 2004-05-01}
}
Twaroch F and Frank AU (2004), "Sandbox Geography - To learn from children the form of spatial concepts", In Developments in spatial Data Handling. , pp. 421-433. Springer.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{twaroch04:421[TUW-119636],

  author = {Twaroch, Florian and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Fisher, Peter},
  title = {Sandbox Geography - To learn from children the form of spatial concepts},
  booktitle = {Developments in spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {421--433},
  note = {Vortrag: 11th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Leicester, UK; 2004-08-23 -- 2004-08-25},
  file = {docs/after2010/Twaroch_SandboxGG_SDH2004_3903.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2000), "Geographic Information Science: New methods and technology", Journal of Geographical Systems, Special Issue: Spatial Analysis and GIS. Vol. 2(1), pp. 99-105.
BibTeX:
@article{VareniusMeeting,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  title = {Geographic Information Science: New methods and technology},
  journal = {Journal of Geographical Systems, Special Issue: Spatial Analysis and GIS},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {99--105},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afgisnew00.pdf}
}
Raubal M and Frank AU (2000), "Multimodal Communication for Wayfinding: Airports as a Case Study", In 4th Swedish Symposium on Multimodal Communication (SSOMC). Stockholm University / KTH.
Abstract: People have to find their ways through cities, through buildings, along streets and highways, using public transportation, etc. In order to do so, they have to be provided with adequate wayfinding information, which is communicated to them from different sources and through different modes of communication. The analysis of such interplay is important if one wants to simulate human wayfinding in a cognitively plausible way. Such simulation of wayfinding tasks helps to determine where people face wayfinding difficulties, why they face them, and how wayfinding information and the design of wayfinding environments have to be changed in order to communicate better to the user.In this work we use an agent-based approach to simulate multimodal communication of wayfinding information within a computer system. In general, an agent can be anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and act upon that environment through effectors (Russell and Norvig 1995). In our case we simulate a cognizing agent finding its way through an airport based on information communicated to it via different modes. The restriction to the well-defined microworld of an airport reduces the enormous complexity of modeling the world and users' intentions. It therefore makes it possible to investigate the different modes of communication in detail. In order to do so, we develop a formal model, which fixes the meaning of the conceptual process model for wayfinding. The formal model is represented in a functional language and it is therefore possible to check its consistency and simulate test cases (such as finding the way from the check-in counter to gate C54) (Raubal and Worboys 1999).The cognizing wayfinding agent is based on three modules that deal with perception, decision, and action. A cognitive schema (Neisser 1976) internal to the agent guides these processes. It includes information about the task and the goal, and a minimum of wayfinding strategies and commonsense knowledge necessary for the agent to perform the task. Most of the wayfinding information in an airport is communicated visually, either through signs, screens, and maps, or through architectural features. Arthur and Passini (1992) termed this ``environmental communication'' and argued that the built environment and its parts should function as a communication device. In our agent-based simulation we use the concept of affordances to describe the kinds of knowledge that agents derive from the world by means of visual perception. Affordances (Gibson 1979) are possibilities for action with reference to the agent. Information (such as from signs) is necessary for the agent to decide upon which affordances to utilize. The task description from the cognitive schema directs visual perception in such a way that the agent samples only task-relevant information and affordances.Auditory sources are another important aspect for communicating wayfinding information in an airport. Such sources are non-cognizing objects of the environment, such as loudspeakers, or other cognizing agents, such as passengers or employees of the airport. The auditory mode of communication plays an especially important role during emergency situations when directions for passengers are given through speakers, and also for blind people who need to receive information through channels other than visual perception. We model communication with other cognizing agents within a multi-agent framework (Weiss 1999), focusing on the direct exchange of information based on the idea of spatial communication with maps. Here, information is communicated from a map-making agent who explores the environment and collects information, which he uses to construct a map of the area, and a map-using agent who acquires this map to gain knowledge, which he uses to navigate in this environment (Frank 2000).As an example for the integration of multimodal communication of wayfinding information, we further investigate location based navigation services using mobile phones. Agents can be given information through textual instructions on the client display, through verbal instructions, or via symbols and digital maps. The mode(s) of presenting wayfinding instructions depend(s) on the agent profile (e.g., handicapped vs. non-handicapped) and the task. Finding one's way in an airport uses a different set of cognitive abilities than navigating through a city. The presentation of wayfinding information depends also on the user interface of the client device. Well-designed user interfaces facilitate human-computer interaction, i.e., the communication process between user and computer.Future work with an agent-based approach to simulate multimodal communication of wayfinding information will also have to include vestibular, tactile, and proprioceptive sources of information. Furthermore, the results of our simulation method have to be compared to the performance of human subjects in the real world.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Raubal2000c,

  author = {Raubal, M. and Frank, A. U.},
  title = {Multimodal Communication for Wayfinding: Airports as a Case Study},
  booktitle = {4th Swedish Symposium on Multimodal Communication (SSOMC)},
  publisher = {Stockholm University / KTH},
  year = {2000},
  file = {docs/docsH/mrafmultimodal00.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1999), "One Step up the Abstraction Ladder: Combining Algebras - From Functional Pieces to a Whole", In Spatial Information Theory - Cognitive and Computational Foundations of Geographic Information Science (Int. Conference COSIT'99, Stade, Germany). Vol. 1661, pp. 95-107. Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1999a,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Freksa, Christian and Mark, David M.},
  title = {One Step up the Abstraction Ladder: Combining Algebras - From Functional Pieces to a Whole},
  booktitle = {Spatial Information Theory - Cognitive and Computational Foundations of Geographic Information Science (Int. Conference COSIT'99, Stade, Germany)},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {1661},
  pages = {95--107},
  file = {docs/docs3/3043_OneStepUp99.pdf}
}
Dieberger A and Frank AU (1998), "A City Metaphor to Support Navigation in Complex Information Spaces", Journal of Visual Languages and Computing. Vol. 9, pp. 597-622.
Abstract: A major problem in modern information systems is to locate information and to re-find
information one has seen before. Systems like the Word-Wide Web are heavily interlinked
but do not show structures that help users to navigate the information it contains. The use of
appropriate navigation metaphors can help to make the structure of modern information
systems easier to understand and therefore easier to use.
We propose a conceptual user interface metaphor based on the structure of a city. Cities are
very complex spatial environments and people know how to get information, how to reach
certain locations in a city, and how to make use of the available infrastructure etc. Cities
provide a rich set of navigational infrastructure that lends itself to creating sub-metaphors for
navigational tools. A city metaphor makes this existing knowledge about a structured
environment available to the user of a computerized information system.
We first focus on several properties of future user interfaces (or user interface metaphors) that
will distinguish them from current systems, like the richness of information or the use of
visualizations to show the structure of information spaces. We also describe the strengths and
problems of spatial user interface metaphors. Then we describe the structure of the
information city metaphor, its structuring and navigation metaphors and what we see as its
main advantages and problems. We further describe a few scenarios of how an Information
City might work. Finally we compare implementing this metaphor using either a textual or
graphical virtual environment or a combination.
BibTeX:
@article{Dieberger1998,

  author = {Dieberger, Andreas and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {A City Metaphor to Support Navigation in Complex Information Spaces},
  journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {597--622},
  file = {docs/docsA/citymetaphor98.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1998), "Different Types of 'Times' in GIS", In Spatial and Temporal Reasoning in GIS. , pp. 40-61. Oxford University Press.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Frank1998b,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Egenhofer, Max J. and Golledge, Reginald G.},
  title = {Different Types of 'Times' in GIS},
  booktitle = {Spatial and Temporal Reasoning in GIS},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {40--61},
  file = {docs/docsA/Different_Types_of_TIMES_in_GIS_98.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docs1/692timesgis98.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1997), "Geographic Information Business in the Next Century", In Third Joint European Conference on Geographical Information, JEC-GI'97. Vol. 1, pp. 13-22.
Abstract: Geoinformation business today is seen mainly as traditional consulting, often
by surveyors and cartographers. In most countries, the collection of spatial
data, especially property surveying, is organised as a technical consultancy
centered around understanding the data collection techniques.
In the years to come, demand for property surveying, often the major
activity of surveyors, will not likely increase. Geoinformation, however, can be
used in various contexts and for many different activities - it is a field with a
large growth potential. The same data, once collected, can be used by and sold
to several organisations. These growing business opportunities are open to all:
town administrations, utilities, surveyors, planners, and geographers, may
profitably sell Geoinformation products from their own data bases.
Designing and marketing a Geoinformation Product requires an approach
which does not start from the data collection methods but from the user’s
needs: The Geoinformation Product must provide an information useful and
valuable to the user. Content, appropriate data quality and presentation must
meet the user’s expectations. The price must be commensurate with the benefits
the users derive from the information. The price of a product is not linked
directly to the cost of its production, thus the cost of a Geoinformation Product,
i.e. digital geographic data, is not linked directly to the cost of collecting and
providing the information. To sell the same data to different user groups to be
used for different purposes requires product differentiation, in order to reap
maximal benefits.
The specialists for Geoinformation are challenged by the new market
opportunities to sell data for car navigation support, marketing and distribution
services, emergency services, and, last not least, leisure activities like
travelling.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1997b,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Hodgson, S. and Rumor, M. and Harts, J. J.},
  title = {Geographic Information Business in the Next Century},
  booktitle = {Third Joint European Conference on Geographical Information, JEC-GI'97},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {13--22},
  file = {docs/docsA/gi.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docs1/2471_JECGI97_GIBusiness.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1997), "Higher Order Functions Necessary for Spatial Theory Development", In Auto-Carto 13. Vol. 5, pp. 11-22. ACSM/ASPRS.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1997d,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Chrisman, Nick},
  title = {Higher Order Functions Necessary for Spatial Theory Development},
  booktitle = {Auto-Carto 13},
  publisher = {ACSM/ASPRS},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {11--22},
  file = {docs/docs1/2503_AC13_HigherOrder.pdf}
}
Hirtle SC and Frank AU (1997), "Spatial Information Theory - Foreword" Springer Science & Business Media.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Hirtle1997,

  author = {Hirtle, Stephen C and Frank, Andrew U},
  title = {Spatial Information Theory - Foreword},
  publisher = {Springer Science & Business Media},
  year = {1997},
  file = {docs/docsS/shafsit97.pdf}
}
Hirtle SC and Frank AU (1997), "Spatial Information Theory A Theoretical Basis for GIS: International Conference COSIT'97, Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania, USA, October 15-18, 1997. Proceedings" Vol. 1329 Springer Science & Business Media.
BibTeX:
@book{hirtle1997spatial,

  author = {Hirtle, Stephen C and Frank, Andrew U},
  title = {Spatial Information Theory A Theoretical Basis for GIS: International Conference COSIT'97, Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania, USA, October 15-18, 1997. Proceedings},
  publisher = {Springer Science & Business Media},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {1329}
}
Frank AU (1997), "Spatial Ontology: A Geographical Information Point of View", In Spatial and Temporal Reasoning. , pp. 135-153. Kluwer.
Abstract: Ontology is the science of objects. It is an ancient
discipline, which has recently been rediscovered, and
overhauled, for the purposes of Artificial
Intelligence. Ontology has been concerned with the
properties of objects, with their modes of existence
and with questions such as how they can be divided in
parts and how they fill space.This presentation takes
the position of a user of ontologies. It will seek to
show not only that there is a 'production of
ontologies' in the research literature, but also that
these ontologies are useful and can be used. The
paper will concentrate on the latter two issues,
focusing on a particular area of application, namely
that of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It will
answer the question, how can ontologies be used and
how can they contribute to building better
information systems? This will mostly be done by
showing how the lack of a consistent ontology in a
system causes difficulties for its users.The paper
will conclude with a set of recommendations as to how
ontologies can be made more useful and how the
connection between the producers and consumers of an
ontology can be structured to make the exchange of
ideas more effective. I will also list a number of
broad general directions and specific topics which I
believe may yield useful contributions both from a
scientific and from an engineering point of view.
This paper is built on a simple metaphor: ontologies
are products and are sold in the international
supermarket of AI research. In this supermarket,
consumers look for ontologies which fulfill their
particular needs. They select ontologies to describe
the entities in their application domain and the
chosen ontologies must form a consistent ensemble.
Unfortunately, contradictions and other
inconsistencies may become apparent as one seeks to
implement the information system. In consequence,
producers of ontologies must put clear labels on the
products on the shelf, indicating the advantages and
disadvantages of each ontology and indicating also
potential conflicts with other ontologies: ``Truth in
labeling for ontologies!''
BibTeX:
@incollection{Bolzanopaper,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Stock, Oliviero},
  title = {Spatial Ontology: A Geographical Information Point of View},
  booktitle = {Spatial and Temporal Reasoning},
  publisher = {Kluwer},
  year = {1997},
  pages = {135--153},
  note = {Included in the present edition as chapter 8},
  file = {docs/docsH/ontologyafgipv97.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1996), "Hierarchical Spatial Reasoning. Internal Report." Dept. of Geoinformation, Technical University Vienna.
Abstract: Using hierarchical methods for spatial reasoning is a popular research topic.
Hierarchical spatial data structures, especially quadtrees, are used in many
implementations of GIS and have proved their efficiency. Operations on hierarchical
spatial data structures are effective to compute spatial relations, but do not
automatically imply Hierarchical Spatial Reasoning. Hierarchical spatial reasoning is
using coarser, less detailed representations to compute an approximative answer if the
quality of the approximation is sufficient. Hierarchical spatial reasoning is closely
related to computing approximative results and estimation of their errors.
This paper explores two spatial reasoning operations and deduces a general
definition of ‘hierarchical spatial reasoning’. Although the examples are very simple -
computation of area and intersection - and applied to a raster representation, the
definition appears general. Compared with other definitions it captures much of the
essence of hierarchical spatial reasoning. This sets the framework in which general
rules when hierarchical spatial reasoning can be employed may be deduced.
Hierarchical data structures are useful for hierarchical reasoning, but they can be
transformed to a more efficient ‘incremental hierarchical structure’, e.g., an
incremental quadtree. Then, incremental hierarchical spatial reasoning algorithms use
previously computed values to compute the next approximation and are therefore as
efficient as a direct calculation with the same error bound.
BibTeX:
@techreport{Frank1996b,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  title = {Hierarchical Spatial Reasoning. Internal Report.},
  publisher = {Dept. of Geoinformation, Technical University Vienna},
  year = {1996},
  file = {docs/docsH/hierarchical.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docs1/2483_Hierarchical_Reasoning.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1996), "Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example", IJGIS. Vol. 10(3), pp. 269-290.
Abstract: Geographers use spatial reasoning extensively in
large-scale spaces, i.e.,spaces that cannot be seen
or understood from a single point of view.Spatial
reasoning differentiates several spatial relations,
e.g.topological or metric relations, and is typically
formalized using aCartesian coordinate system and
vector algebra. This quantitativeprocessing of
information is clearly different from the ways humans
drawconclusions about spatial relations. Formalized
qualitative reasoningprocesses are shown to be a
necessary part of Spatial Expert Systems
andGeographic Information Systems.Addressing a subset
of the total problem, namely reasoning with
cardinaldirections, a completely qualitative method,
without recourse to analyticalprocedures, is
introduced and a method for its formal comparison
withquantitative formulae is defined. The focus is on
the analysis of cardinaldirections and their
properties. An algebraic method is used to
formalizethe meaning of directions. The standard
directional symbols (N, W, etc.)are supplemented with
a symbol corresponding to an undetermined
directionbetween points too close to each other which
greatly increases the power ofthe inference rules.
Two specific systems to determine and reason
withcardinal directions are discussed in some
detail.From this example and some other previous
work, a comprehensive set ofresearch steps is laid
out, following a mathematically based taxonomy.
Itincludes the extension of distance and direction
reasoning to extendedobjects and the definitions of
other metric relations that characterizesituations
when objects are not disjointed. The conclusions
compare such anapproach with other concepts.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1996e,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example},
  journal = {IJGIS},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {269--290},
  file = {docs/docsH/ijgis-frank.pdf}
}
Kuhn W and Frank AU (1996), "Toward Usable Spatial Information", In ISPRS. Vol. ?, pp. ?. International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
Abstract: Spatial data are being collected at an increasing pace, with photogrammetry and remote sensing serving as the most productive data collecting disciplines. At the same time, markets for spatial information are emerging world-wide. Still too often, however, there is a mismatch between the demand and supply of spatial information: data being collected and offered sometimes do not meet the expectations of potential buyers. The malfunctioning of spatial data markets has many reasons, ranging from the fact that users are often unaware of existing data to the difficulties in interpreting and processing spatial data once they have been bought, to institutional and legal obstacles. A major technical reason is the lacking usability of data collections. The presentation addresses the issue of usability and discusses the widely proposed remedy of metadata. It concludes that the most effective step toward usable spatial data is not to document data collections, but to modularise them into small manageable units and packaging them with suitable operations. This vision of future spatial information services is currently being pursued under the heading of ``Open GIS''.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Kuhn1996g,

  author = {Kuhn, Werner and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Toward Usable Spatial Information},
  booktitle = {ISPRS},
  publisher = {International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {?},
  pages = {?},
  file = {docs/docsS/wkaftowusable96.pdf}
}
Timpf S and Frank AU (1995), "A Multi-Scale Dag for Cartographic Objects", In ACSM/ASPRS. Vol. 4, pp. 157-163.
Abstract: Geographic Information Systems manage data with respect to spatial location and that data is
presented graphically as a map or sketch. A database of objects with some geometric properties is
used to render these objects graphically for different tasks. Typically these tasks require graphical
presentations at different levels of detail, ranging from overview screens to detailed views [Herot et
al., 1980]. Practically a base map is stored and its scale changed graphically. Without major
distortions, only changes to twice or half the original scale are feasible by simple numeric scale
change. A function to draw cartographic sketches quickly and in arbitrary scales is needed. We
propose a multi-scale hierarchical structure where renderings of spatial objects with increasing detail
are stored: a directed acyclic graph (DAG). These are used to compose a topographic map at a
particular scale. We assume that the object renderings for the DAG already exist. Methods to select
objects for rendering are based on the importance of the object for a particular task and on the
principle of equal information density. We propose a method for determining information density,
namely measuring the ink content of the map.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Timpf1995a,

  author = {Timpf, Sabine and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {A Multi-Scale Dag for Cartographic Objects},
  booktitle = {ACSM/ASPRS},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {157--163},
  file = {docs/docsS/zoom-ac12-95.pdf}
}
Burrough PA and Frank AU (1995), "Concepts and Paradigms in Spatial Information: Are Current Geographic Information Systems Truly Generic?", International Journal of Geographical Information Systems. Vol. 9(2), pp. 101-116.
BibTeX:
@article{Badenpaper,

  author = {Burrough, Peter A. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Concepts and Paradigms in Spatial Information: Are Current Geographic Information Systems Truly Generic?},
  journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Systems},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {101--116},
  file = {docs/docs1/docs1/1379.final.ijgis.Burr_af.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1995), "New Technologies for Spatial Information Management", In Cambridge Conference for National Mapping Organisations. , pp. 1/14-13/14. Ordnance Survey, UK.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1995b,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  title = {New Technologies for Spatial Information Management},
  booktitle = {Cambridge Conference for National Mapping Organisations},
  publisher = {Ordnance Survey, UK},
  year = {1995},
  pages = {1/14--13/14},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afnewtech95.pdf}
}
Hong J-H, Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1995), "On the Robustness of Qualitative Distance- and Direction-Reasoning", In Auto-Carto 12. , pp. 301-310.
Abstract: This paper focuses on spatial information derived from the composition of two pairs of cardinal directions (e.g., North and North-East) and approximate distances (e.g., near and far), i.e., given the approximate distances a1 (A, B) and a2 (B, C) and the cardinal directions c1 (A, B) and c2 (B, C), what are a3 (A, C) and c3 (A, C)? Spatial reasoning about cardinal directions and approximate distances is challenging because distance and direction will affect the composition. This paper investigates the dependency between qualitative and quantitative inference methods for reasoning about cardinal directions and approximate distances. Cardinal directions are based on a 4-sector model (North, East, South, West), while approximate distance correspond to a set of ordered intervals that provide a complete partition (non-overlapping and mutually exclusive) such that the following interval is greater than or equal to the previous one (for example, ``far'' would extend over a distance that is at least as great as ``medium.'') We ran comprehensive simulations of quantitative reasoning, and compared the results with the ones obtained from quantitative reasoning. The results indicate that the composition is robust if the ratio between two consecutive intervals of quantitative distances is greater than 3.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Hong1995,

  author = {Hong, Jung-Hong and Egenhofer, Max J. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {On the Robustness of Qualitative Distance- and Direction-Reasoning},
  booktitle = {Auto-Carto 12},
  year = {1995},
  pages = {301--310},
  file = {docs/docs1/2013.Robustness_af.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Kuhn W (1995), "Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS (COSIT'95) - Foreword" Springer Verlag.
BibTeX:
@book{frank1995spatial,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U and Kuhn, Werner},
  title = {Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS (COSIT'95) - Foreword},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  year = {1995},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afwksit95.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Kuhn W (1995), "Specifying Open GIS with Functional Languages", In Advances in Spatial Databases (4th Int. Symposium on Large Spatial Databases, ssD'95, in Portland, USA). Vol. 951, pp. 184-195. Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX:
@incollection{frank95specifying,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Kuhn, Werner},
  editor = {Egenhofer, Max J. and Herring, John R.},
  title = {Specifying Open GIS with Functional Languages},
  booktitle = {Advances in Spatial Databases (4th Int. Symposium on Large Spatial Databases, ssD'95, in Portland, USA)},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {951},
  pages = {184--195},
  file = {docs/docs1/2012_SSD95_OGISfunctional.pdf}
}
Campari I (1994), "GIS Commands as Small Scale Space Terms: Cross-Cultural Conflicts of Their Spatial Content", In SDH'94, Sixth International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. Vol. 1, pp. 554-571. Association for Geographic Information.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Campari1994b,

  author = {Campari, Irene},
  editor = {Waugh, T. and Healey, R.},
  title = {GIS Commands as Small Scale Space Terms: Cross-Cultural Conflicts of Their Spatial Content},
  booktitle = {SDH'94, Sixth International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {Association for Geographic Information},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {554--571},
  file = {docs/docsA/campari_Culture_SDH_94.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Timpf S (1994), "Multiple Representations for Cartographic Objects in a Multi-Scale Tree - An Intelligent Graphical Zoom", Computers and Graphics Special Issue on Modelling and Visualization of Spatial Data in GIS. Vol. 18(6), pp. 823-829.
Abstract: In Geographic Information Systems a function to draw cartographic sketches quickly and in arbitrary scales
is needed. This calls for cartographic generalization, a notoriously difficult problem. Efforts to achieve
automatic cartographic generalization were successful for specific aspects, but no complete solution is
known, nor are there any expected within the immediate future. In practical applications, a base map is stored
and its scale is changed. Without major distortions, only changes to twice or half the original scale are
feasible by simple numeric scale change. Everything beyond this requires adaptation of symbols, selection of
objects, placements of labels etc.
Extending ideas of hierarchies or pyramids, where representations of the same objects at different scales
are stored, a multi-scale, hierarchical spatial model is proposed. Objects with increasing detail are stored in
levels and can be used to compose a map at a particular scale. Applied to the particular problem of
cartographic mapping, this results in a multi-scale cartographic tree. The same concept can be used equally
well for other applications, which require rendering of objects at different levels of detail.
The structure of the multi-scale tree is explained. It is based on a trade-off between storage and
computation, replacing all steps which are difficult to automate by essentially redundant storage. The
dominant operation is 'zoom', which moves towards a more detailed level, intelligently replacing the current
graphical representation with the more detailed one, appropriate for the selected new scale. Methods to select
objects for rendering are based on the principle of equal information density. Principles of possible
implementations are presented.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1994e,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Timpf, Sabine},
  title = {Multiple Representations for Cartographic Objects in a Multi-Scale Tree - An Intelligent Graphical Zoom},
  journal = {Computers and Graphics Special Issue on Modelling and Visualization of Spatial Data in GIS},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {18},
  number = {6},
  pages = {823--829},
  file = {docs/docsS/zoom-C&G94.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docs1/1439_C&G94_intellzoom.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1994), "Qualitative Temporal Reasoning in GIS - Ordered Time Scales", In Sixth International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, SDH'94. Vol. 1, pp. 410-430. IGU Commission on GIS.
Abstract: There is a strong request for GIS to include temporal information. Most efforts
currently are addressing the incorporation of time qua calendar time. Events are
dated according to the ordinary time and calendar, which are effectively
measurements on an interval scale. Temporal information available only as relative
order between events cannot be incorporated in this framework. Clearly knowledge
about temporal order without measurement on the time scale is less precise but
nevertheless useful. Human beings use qualitative temporal reasoning all the time.
Qualitative ordinal information about events is typically encountered in
archeology, urban development etc. where precise dates for events are not known
but the relative order of events can be deduced from observations. Even in legal
proceedings about parcel data, ordinal relations are often all what matters. These
are among the disciplines which have asked for the inclusion of facilities to deal
with temporal data in GIS.
This paper gives specifications for ordinal temporal reasoning using qualitative
methods. It differentiates between different time models, each having slightly
different properties: models with or without events at the same time, models with
total or partial order. It discusses the introduction of tolerances (without recourse to
measurements of an epsilon value) and how it affects reasoning.
The semantics are given as formal specification, expressed in an algebraic
notation which can be executed. An example from a parcel subdivision is used
throughout and results from various computations are compared with human logical
deduction.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1994a,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Waugh, Thomas C. and Healey, Richard G.},
  title = {Qualitative Temporal Reasoning in GIS - Ordered Time Scales},
  booktitle = {Sixth International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, SDH'94},
  publisher = {IGU Commission on GIS},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {410--430},
  file = {docs/docsH/ordered_time_scales.pdf}
}
Kuhn W, Haunold P and Frank AU (1994), "The GIS User Interface as a Major Economical Factor: A Case Study in Manual Map Digitizing", In FIG. Vol. 3
Abstract: Geographic information systems (GIS) have become a
widely used technology for managing spatially
referenced information in the private and public
sectors. The rapid growth of the market for GIS
technology and digital spatial data raises some
crucial economic issues. While past GIS
implementations were primarily concerned with
hardware and software capabilities, the focus of
attention is now shifting to issues of effective
system use by individuals and organizations. Among
these issues are the usability of GIS and the cost of
data, including their maintenance. This paper
presents an analytical investigation of such issues
in the context of GIS data acquisition by manual map
digitizing at a national surveying and mapping
agency.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Kuhn1994c,

  author = {Kuhn, Werner and Haunold, Peter and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {The GIS User Interface as a Major Economical Factor: A Case Study in Manual Map Digitizing},
  booktitle = {FIG},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {3},
  file = {docs/docsS/wkphafgisuser94.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Campari I (1993), "Spatial Information Theory - Foreword", In Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. European Conference, COSIT'93. Vol. 716 Springer Science & Business Media.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank1993cositintro,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U and Campari, Irene},
  title = {Spatial Information Theory - Foreword},
  booktitle = {Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. European Conference, COSIT'93},
  publisher = {Springer Science & Business Media},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {716},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/aficsit93.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Campari I (1993), "Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. European Conference, COSIT'93", In Lecutre Notes in Computer Science LNCS. Vol. 716 Springer Science & Business Media.
BibTeX:
@book{frank1993spatial,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U and Campari, Irene},
  title = {Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. European Conference, COSIT'93},
  booktitle = {Lecutre Notes in Computer Science LNCS},
  publisher = {Springer Science & Business Media},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {716}
}
Frank AU (1992), "Qualitative Spatial Reasoning about Distances and Directions in Geographic Space", Journal of Visual Languages and Computing. Vol. 1992(3), pp. 343-371.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1992e,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Qualitative Spatial Reasoning about Distances and Directions in Geographic Space},
  journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {1992},
  number = {3},
  pages = {343--371},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afqualspatrddgs92.pdf}
}
Barrera R, Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1992), "Robust Evaluation of Spatial Queries", In 5th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. Vol. 1, pp. 241-248. IGU Commision on GIS.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Barrera1992a,

  author = {Barrera, Renato and Egenhofer, Max J. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Bresnahan, P. and Corwin, E. and Cowen, D.},
  title = {Robust Evaluation of Spatial Queries},
  booktitle = {5th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {IGU Commision on GIS},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {241--248},
  file = {docs/docsH/rbmeafrobust92.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1992), "Spatial Concepts, Geometric Data Models and Geometric Data Structures", Computers & Geosciences. Vol. 18(4), pp. 409-417. Elsevier.
Abstract: There seems to be some uncertainty in the GIS literature regarding the use of the words data model and data structure. There is a clear understanding of these notions in the database literature and it is possible to define analogous terms for GIS: geometric data model and geometric data structure. Geometric data model is used to describe a formalized abstract set of spatial object classes and the operations performed on them. Geometric data structure is then the specific implementation of a geometric data model which fixes the storage structure, utilization, and performance. Humans organize their spatial perceptions using concepts that can be defined as spatial concepts to denote an informal or not directly implementable conceptual structure used to understand space. Examples are given to clarify the theoretical discussion.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1992f,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Spatial Concepts, Geometric Data Models and Geometric Data Structures},
  journal = {Computers & Geosciences},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {18},
  number = {4},
  pages = {409--417},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afspatialcons92.pdf}
}
Paiva JAdC, Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1992), "Spatial Reasoning about Flow Directions: Towards an Ontology for River Networks", In International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. XVII Congress. Vol. 24/B3 Comission III, pp. 318-324.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Paiva1992,

  author = {Paiva, João Argemiro de Carvalho and Egenhofer, Max J. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Fritz, Lawrence and Lucas, James},
  title = {Spatial Reasoning about Flow Directions: Towards an Ontology for River Networks},
  booktitle = {International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. XVII Congress},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {24/B3 Comission III},
  pages = {318--324},
  file = {docs/docsH/jpmeafspatreaflow92.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1992), "Spational Reasoning - Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications", In EGIS '92 Third European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems. Vol. 1, pp. 310-319. EGIS Foundation.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1992g,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Harts, Janjaap and Ottens, Henk F. L. and Scholten, Henk J. and Ondaatje, Deby A.},
  title = {Spational Reasoning - Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications},
  booktitle = {EGIS '92 Third European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems},
  publisher = {EGIS Foundation},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {310--319},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afspatialr92.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1991), "Properties of Geographic Data: Requirements for Spatial Access Methods", In Advances in Spatial Databases - 2nd Symposium on Large Spatial Databases, ssD'91 (Zurich, Switzerland). Vol. 525, pp. 225-233. Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Frank1991c,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Guenther, O. and Schek, H. J. and Hartmanis, O. Goos and J.},
  title = {Properties of Geographic Data: Requirements for Spatial Access Methods},
  booktitle = {Advances in Spatial Databases - 2nd Symposium on Large Spatial Databases, ssD'91 (Zurich, Switzerland)},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {525},
  pages = {225--233},
  file = {docs/docsA/aufprop91.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1991), "Qualitative spatial reasoning with cardinal directions", In 7. Österreichische Artificial-Intelligence-Tagung/Seventh Austrian Conference on Artificial Intelligence. , pp. 157-167.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank1991qualitative,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U},
  title = {Qualitative spatial reasoning with cardinal directions},
  booktitle = {7. Österreichische Artificial-Intelligence-Tagung/Seventh Austrian Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  year = {1991},
  pages = {157--167},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afqualspatrcd91.pdf}
}
Al-Taha K and Frank AU (1991), "Temporal GIS Keeps Data Current", 1991-1992 International GIS Sourcebook. , pp. 384-388.
Abstract: A GIS is not just a collection of maps stored in a computer, but a database that should correctly model a particular region of the world. Since the world is changing continuously, GIS applications require that the data collection to be updated. Every GIS is, by definition, a database that manages spatial data and includes facilities to update its data so it continues to reflect the current situation. But only a GIS that includes ``time'' and ``space'' in its model of reality is often called a ``temporal GIS,'' which contains the current information and keeps the data that describe the previous states and when they were applicable. A temporal GIS must answer ``when-and-where-'' questions, such as: ``what were the boundaries of New York City in June, 1908?'' ``Where were the forest areas in New England in 1880,'' or ``which properties owned John Doe in Baltimore from August 1981 to June 1988.'' When GIss include time, they can really demonstrate the enormous advantage of a database that models reality compared to a conventional collection of printed maps.
BibTeX:
@article{Al-Taha1991,

  author = {Al-Taha, Khaled and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Temporal GIS Keeps Data Current},
  journal = {1991-1992 International GIS Sourcebook},
  year = {1991},
  pages = {384--388},
  file = {docs/docsA/bkaaftemporal91.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1990), "Qualitative Spatial Reasoning about Cardinal Directions", In Ninth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography (Autocarto) 10.. Thesis at: Technical University Vienna. Bethesda, Md. American Congress on Surveying and Mapping and the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Frank1990c,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Qualitative Spatial Reasoning about Cardinal Directions},
  booktitle = {Ninth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography (Autocarto) 10},
  publisher = {American Congress on Surveying and Mapping and the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
  school = {Technical University Vienna},
  year = {1990},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afcardinal91.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1990), "Telecommunication and GIS - Opportunities and Challenges", In Networking Spatial Information Systems. , pp. AF-1. Telecom Australia.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frankTelecom,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Cavill, Maria},
  title = {Telecommunication and GIS - Opportunities and Challenges},
  booktitle = {Networking Spatial Information Systems},
  publisher = {Telecom Australia},
  year = {1990},
  pages = {AF--1},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/aftelecommunic92.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Barrera R (1990), "The Fieldtree: A Data Structure for Geographic Information Systems", In Symposium on the Design and Implementation of Large Spatial Databases. Vol. 409, pp. 29-44. Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX:
@incollection{frankFieldtree,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Barrera, R.},
  editor = {Buchmann, A. and Günther, O. and Smith, T. R. and Wang, Y. F.},
  title = {The Fieldtree: A Data Structure for Geographic Information Systems},
  booktitle = {Symposium on the Design and Implementation of Large Spatial Databases},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {409},
  pages = {29--44},
  file = {docs/docsA/Frank-jun2289.pdf},
  file2 = {docs/docs_afxxx/afrbfieldtree89.pdf }
}
Herring J, Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1990), "Using Category Theory to Model GIS Applications", In 4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. Vol. 2, pp. 820-829. IGU, Commission on Geographic Information Systems.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Herring1990a,

  author = {Herring, J. and Egenhofer, M. J. and Frank, A. U.},
  editor = {Brassel, K.},
  title = {Using Category Theory to Model GIS Applications},
  booktitle = {4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {IGU, Commission on Geographic Information Systems},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {820--829},
  file = {docs/docsH/jhmeafusing90.pdf}
}
Egenhofer M, Frank AU and Jackson JP (1989), "A Topological Data Model for Spatial Databases", In SSD'89 - Design and Implementation of Large Spatial Databases. , pp. 271-186. Springer.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Egenhofer1989a,

  author = {Egenhofer, M. and Frank, A. U. and Jackson, J. P.},
  editor = {Goos, G. and Hartmanis J.},
  title = {A Topological Data Model for Spatial Databases},
  booktitle = {SSD'89 - Design and Implementation of Large Spatial Databases},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {1989},
  pages = {271--186},
  file = {docs/docsH/docsL/meafjjtopodm89.pdf}
}
Mark DM and Frank AU (1989), "Concepts of Space and Spatial Language", In Auto-Carto 9. , pp. 538-556. ASPRS & ACSM.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Mark1989d,

  author = {Mark, D. M. and Frank, A. U.},
  editor = {Anderson, E.},
  title = {Concepts of Space and Spatial Language},
  booktitle = {Auto-Carto 9},
  publisher = {ASPRS & ACSM},
  year = {1989},
  pages = {538--556},
  file = {docs/docsA/dmafconceptsssl.pdf}
}
Mark DM, Frank AU, Egenhofer MJ, Freundschuh SM, McGranaghan M and White RM (1989), "Languages of Spatial Relations: Initiative Two Specialist Meeting Report" National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis.
BibTeX:
@techreport{reportl,

  author = {Mark, David M. and Frank, Andrew U. and Egenhofer, Max J. and Freundschuh, Scott M. and McGranaghan, Matthew and White, R. Michael},
  title = {Languages of Spatial Relations: Initiative Two Specialist Meeting Report},
  publisher = {National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis},
  year = {1989},
  file = {docs/docsA/dmafmesfmmrwlang89.pdf}
}
Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1989), "PANDA: An Extensible DBMS Supporting Object-Oriented Software Techniques", In Datenbanksysteme in Büro, Technik und Wissenschaft, GI/SI Fachtagung. Vol. Informatik-Fachberichte 204, pp. 74-79. Springer-Verlag.
Abstract: The PANDA database management system was designed for non-
standard applications which deal with spatial data. It supports an object-oriented
program design with modularization, encapsulation, and reusability, and can be
easily embedded into complex applications, such as spatial information systems or
cartographic expert systems. It is presented how complex objects and their
operations are defined. A layered structure on top of the programmer’s interface
provides object operations which include potentially complex consistency
constraints.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Egenhofer1989e,

  author = {Egenhofer, Max J. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Härder, T.},
  title = {PANDA: An Extensible DBMS Supporting Object-Oriented Software Techniques},
  booktitle = {Datenbanksysteme in Büro, Technik und Wissenschaft, GI/SI Fachtagung},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {Informatik-Fachberichte 204},
  pages = {74--79},
  file = {docs/docsH/ReTypePANDA89.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docsH/meafpandaex89.pdf}
}
Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1989), "User Interfaces for Spatial Information Systems: Manipulating the Graphical Representation", In Geologisches Jahrbuch.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Egenhofer1989(inpress),

  author = {Egenhofer, Max J. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {User Interfaces for Spatial Information Systems: Manipulating the Graphical Representation},
  booktitle = {Geologisches Jahrbuch},
  year = {1989},
  file = {docs/docsH/meafusernter92.pdf}
}
Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1988), "Designing Object-Oriented Query Languages for GIS: Human Interface Aspects", In Third International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. , pp. 79-96. International Geographical Union.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{otherconf.a,

  author = {Egenhofer, M. J. and Frank, A. U.},
  editor = {Marble, D. F.},
  title = {Designing Object-Oriented Query Languages for GIS: Human Interface Aspects},
  booktitle = {Third International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {International Geographical Union},
  year = {1988},
  pages = {79--96},
  file = {docs/docsH/meafdesignobj88.pdf}
}
Palmer B and Frank AU (1988), "Spatial Languages", In Third International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. , pp. 201-210. International Geographical Union, Commission on Geographical Data Sensing and Processing.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{otherconft,

  author = {Palmer, Bruce and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Marble, D.},
  title = {Spatial Languages},
  booktitle = {Third International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {International Geographical Union, Commission on Geographical Data Sensing and Processing},
  year = {1988},
  pages = {201--210},
  file = {docs/docsA/blpafslang.pdf}
}
Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1988), "Towards a Spatial Query Language: User Interface Considerations", In 14th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. , pp. 124-133.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{ref.conf.a,

  author = {Egenhofer, Max J. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {DeWitt, D. and Bancilhon, F.},
  title = {Towards a Spatial Query Language: User Interface Considerations},
  booktitle = {14th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases},
  year = {1988},
  pages = {124--133},
  file = {docs/docsS/VLDB1988Egenhofer.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1987), "Towards a Spatial Theory", In International Geographic Information Systems (IGIS) Symposium: The Research Agenda. Vol. II NASA.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{FrankSpatialTheo,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Aangeenbrug, Robert T. and Schiffman, Yale M.},
  title = {Towards a Spatial Theory},
  booktitle = {International Geographic Information Systems (IGIS) Symposium: The Research Agenda},
  publisher = {NASA},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {II},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/aftowardsst87.pdf}
}
Frank AU, Palmer B and Robinson V (1986), "Formal Methods for Accurate Definition of Some Fundamental Terms in Physical Geography", In Second International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. , pp. 583-599.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frankAccurate,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Palmer, Bruce and Robinson, Vincent},
  editor = {Marble, D.},
  title = {Formal Methods for Accurate Definition of Some Fundamental Terms in Physical Geography},
  booktitle = {Second International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling},
  year = {1986},
  pages = {583--599},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afbpvrformalm86.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1986), "Requirements for Database Management Systems for Large Spatial Database", In Construction and Display of Geoscientific Maps derived from Databases. Vol. 104 (1988), pp. 75-96. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frankReq,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Vinken, Renier},
  title = {Requirements for Database Management Systems for Large Spatial Database},
  booktitle = {Construction and Display of Geoscientific Maps derived from Databases},
  publisher = {E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {104 (1988)},
  pages = {75--96},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afreqdmslsd88.pdf}
}
Robinson VB and Frank AU (1985), "About Different Kinds of Uncertainty in Collections of Spatial Data", In Seventh International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, Auto-Carto 7. , pp. 440-449. ASP and ACSM.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Robinson1985b,

  author = {Robinson, Vincent B. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {About Different Kinds of Uncertainty in Collections of Spatial Data},
  booktitle = {Seventh International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, Auto-Carto 7},
  publisher = {ASP and ACSM},
  year = {1985},
  pages = {440--449},
  file = {docs/docsS/vrafdiffkinds85.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1985), "Anforderungen an Datenbanksysteme zur Verwaltung grosser raumbezogener Datenbestände (Requirements for database systems suitable to manage large spatial databases) [german translation of the paper published in the proceedings of the International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Zurich 1984]", VPK. Vol. 85(1 (Jan.)), pp. 5.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1985a,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  title = {Anforderungen an Datenbanksysteme zur Verwaltung grosser raumbezogener Datenbestände (Requirements for database systems suitable to manage large spatial databases) [german translation of the paper published in the proceedings of the International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Zurich 1984]},
  journal = {VPK},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {85},
  number = {1 (Jan.)},
  pages = {5},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afanforderungen85.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1984), "Computergestützte Planerstellung - Graphik oder Geometrie?", Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik. Vol. 84(12), pp. 385.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1984c,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  title = {Computergestützte Planerstellung - Graphik oder Geometrie?},
  journal = {Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {84},
  number = {12},
  pages = {385},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afcomppgg84.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1984), "Requirements for Database Systems Suitable to Manage Large Spatial Databases", In Proceedings First International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling,.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1984d,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Duane Marble and Kurt Brassel and Dieter Steiner},
  title = {Requirements for Database Systems Suitable to Manage Large Spatial Databases},
  booktitle = {Proceedings First International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling,},
  year = {1984},
  file = {docs/docsS/SDH1984Frank.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docs_afxxx/afrequir.database84.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1983), "Storage Methods for Space Related data: The FIELD TREE [reprint of the paper in M. Barr (ed.) Spatial Algorithms for Processing Land Data Symposium 1983]". Thesis at: University of Maine. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute for Geodesy and Photogrammetry.
BibTeX:
@techreport{Frank83realisierung,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Storage Methods for Space Related data: The FIELD TREE [reprint of the paper in M. Barr (ed.) Spatial Algorithms for Processing Land Data Symposium 1983]},
  publisher = {Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute for Geodesy and Photogrammetry},
  school = {University of Maine},
  year = {1983},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afbericht71probl83.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Tamminen M (1982), "Management of Spatially Referenced Data" copy.
BibTeX:
@book{Frank1982g,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Tamminen, M.},
  title = {Management of Spatially Referenced Data},
  publisher = {copy},
  year = {1982},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afmtmanagspatrd.pdf}
}
Frank A (1982), "MAPQUERY: Data Base Query Language for Retrieval of Geometric Data and Their Graphical Representation", SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph.. New York, NY, USA, July, 1982. Vol. 16(3), pp. 199-207. ACM.
BibTeX:
@article{FrankMapquery,

  author = {Frank, André},
  title = {MAPQUERY: Data Base Query Language for Retrieval of Geometric Data and Their Graphical Representation},
  journal = {SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph.},
  publisher = {ACM},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3},
  pages = {199--207},
  url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/965145.801281},
  doi = {10.1145/965145.801281},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afmapquery82.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1981), "Datenspeicherung für schnellen Zugriff auf Daten räumlich benachbarter Objekte (Data storage for fast access to data of spatially near objects)", In Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen. Frankfurt a.M. Vol. 85, pp. 37-47. Institut für angewandte Geodäsie, Frankfurt a.M..
BibTeX:
@incollection{frankSpeicher,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Datenspeicherung für schnellen Zugriff auf Daten räumlich benachbarter Objekte (Data storage for fast access to data of spatially near objects)},
  booktitle = {Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen},
  publisher = {Institut für angewandte Geodäsie, Frankfurt a.M.},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {37--47},
  file = {docs/AF_Datenspeicherung_80.pdf}
}