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Frank AU (2017), "Rückblick - Vorblick - 40 Jahre Geoinformation", In 19. Internationale Geodätische Woche Obergurgl 2017. Berlin , pp. 1-16. Wichmann.
Abstract: Meine Emeritierung 2016 ist der Anlass zu diesem Rückblick und Vorblick auf 40 Jahre Geoinformation. Die Entwicklung werde ich in fünf Dekaden gruppieren und mich auf die dominante Praxis und weniger auf genaue Daten für die Ankündigungen von neuer Technologie beziehen. Am Schluss werde ich eine Projektion für die 2020er Dekade wagen - auch wenn Voraussagen immer gefährlich sind, besonders wenn sie die Zukunft betreffen. Ich hatte das Glück praktisch alle führenden Geoinformations-Wissenschaftler und - Unternehmer noch persönlich kennengelernt zu haben. Ich berichte bewusst weder vollständig noch objektiv; der Fokus liegt auf Anwendungen, die von vielen genutzt werden. Dennoch glaube ich schließlich zu einigen bedenkenswerten Schlüssen zu kommen.br>Die Entwicklung von GIS ist durch enabling technologies getrieben; deshalb werde ich für jede Dekade zuerst die jeweils neuen, allgemein gebräuchlichen Informations- aber auch Vermessungstechnologien charakterisieren, um dann die Geoinformationspraxis und die Geoinformationsforschung beschreiben und danach Veränderungen bei den verfügbaren Daten und Software anzumerken. Die Preisreduktion für Informationstechnologie war und ist wohl der wichtigste Antrieb der Entwicklung der letzten Jahre. In Abbildung 1 zeichne ich die ungefähr einem erweiterten Moore'schen Gesetz folgende Entwicklung des Preises eines GIS Arbeitsplatzes auf; die Entwicklung von IT hat die Kosten der Bestimmung einer Position auf der Erdoberfläche durch GPS drastisch reduziert (schätzungsweise von $1000 auf $.01 pro Punkt) und die Anzahl der Rechner, mit denen Daten ausgetauscht werden könnten, hat durch das Internet in noch höherem Masse zugenommen, was in Abbildung 1 ebenfalls dargestellt ist.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank17:1[TUW-260129],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Hanke, Klaus and Weinold, Thomas},
  title = {Rückblick - Vorblick - 40 Jahre Geoinformation},
  booktitle = {19. Internationale Geodätische Woche Obergurgl 2017},
  publisher = {Wichmann},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {1--16},
  note = {Vortrag: 19. Internationale Geodätische Woche Obergurgl 2017, Obergurgl; 2017-02-12 -- 2017-02-18},
  file = {docs/after2010/vo-frank.pdf}
}
Hahn J, Fogliaroni P, Frank AU and Navratil G (2016), "A Computational Model for Context and Spatial Concepts", In Proceedings. , pp. 3-19. Springer.
Abstract: A natural language interface will improve the human-computer interaction with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A prerequisite for this is the mapping of natural language expressions onto spatial queries. Previous mapping approaches using, for example, fuzzy sets, failed because of the flexible and context-dependent use of spatial terms. Context changes the interpretation drastically. For example, the spatial relation ''near'' can be mapped onto distances ranging anywhere from kilometers to centimeters. We present a context-enriched semiotic triangle that allows us to distinguish between multiple interpretations. As formalization we introduce the notation of contextualized concepts that is tied to one context. One concept inherits multiple contextualized concepts such that multiple interpretations can be distinguished. The interpretation for one contextualized concept corresponds to the intention of the spatial term, and is used as input for a spatial query. To demonstrate our computational model, a next generation GIS is envisioned that maps the spatial relation ''near'' to spatial queries differently according to the influencing context.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hahn16:3[TUW-250059],

  author = {Hahn, Jürgen and Fogliaroni, Paolo and Frank, Andrew U. and Navratil, Gerhard},
  editor = {Sarjakoski, Tapani and Santos, Maribel Yasmina and Sarjakoski, Tiina},
  title = {A Computational Model for Context and Spatial Concepts},
  booktitle = {Proceedings},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {3--19},
  note = {Vortrag: 19th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science, Helsinki, Finland; 2016-06-14 -- 2016-06-17},
  file = {docs/after2010/_pub.2016.context_and_spatial_concepts.pdf}
}
Hobel H, Fogliaroni P and Frank AU (2016), "Deriving the Geographic Footprint of Cognitive Regions", In Proceedings. , pp. 67-84. Springer.
Abstract: The characterization of place and its representation in current Geographic Information System (GIS) has become a promoinent research topic. The paper concentrates on places that are cognitive regions, and presents a computational framework to deriuve the geographic footprint of these regions. The main idea is to use Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools to identify unique geographic features from User Generated Content (UGC) sources consiting of textual descriptions of places. These features are used to detect on a map an initial area that the descriptions refer to. A semantic representation of this area is extracted from a GIS and passed over to a Machine Learning (ML) algorithm that locates other areas according to semantic similarity. As a case study, we employ the proposed framework to derive the geographic footprint on the historic center of Vienna and validate the results by comparing the derived region against a map of the city.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hobel16:67[TUW-250063],

  author = {Hobel, Heidelinde and Fogliaroni, Paolo and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Sarjakoski, Tapani and Santos, Maribel Yasmina and Sarjakoski, Tiina},
  title = {Deriving the Geographic Footprint of Cognitive Regions},
  booktitle = {Proceedings},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {67--84},
  note = {Vortrag: 19th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science, Helsinki, Finland; 2016-06-14 -- 2016-06-17},
  file = {docs/after2010/370922_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf}
}
(2014), "Geographic Information Science - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference" Heidelberg Springer Verlag.
BibTeX:
@book{duckham14[TUW-230775],
,
  editor = {Duckham, Matt and Pebesma, Edzer and Stewart, Kathleen and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Geographic Information Science - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  year = {2014}
}
Frank AU, Mark D and Raubal M (2013), "Researching Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space: Las Navas Then and Now", In Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space. Berlin Heidelberg , pp. 1-22. Springer.
BibTeX:
@incollection{frank13:1[TUW-217970],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Mark, David and Raubal, Martin},
  editor = {Frank, Andrew U. and Mark, David and Raubal, Martin},
  title = {Researching Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space: Las Navas Then and Now},
  booktitle = {Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {1--22},
  file = {docs/after2010/d146eb20bd9c0cb65bcd023ea0a4895fdcc7.pdf}
}
Navratil G and Frank AU (2013), "VGI for Land Administration - A Quality Perspective", In 8th International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality. XL-2/W1, 2013 ISPRS Archives.
Abstract: The location check-in data, developing along with social network, are considered as user-generated crowd-sourcing geospatial data. With massive data volume, abundance in contained information, and high up-to-date status, the check-in data provide a new data source for geographic information service represented by location-based service. However, there is a significant quality issue regarding to crowd-sourcing data, which has a direct influence to data availability. In this paper, a data quality analysis approach is designed for the location check-in data and a check-in data uncertainty model is proposed. First of all, the quality issue of location check-in data is discussed. Then, according to the characteristics of check-in data, a location check-in data quality analysis and data processing approach is proposed, using certain standard dataset as reference to conduct an affine transformation for the check-in dataset, during which the RANSAC algorithm is adopted for outlier elimination. Subsequently, combining GIS data uncertainty theory, an uncertainty model of processed check-in data is set up. At last, using location check-in data obtained from jiepang.com as experimental data and selected navigation data as data standard, multiple location check-in data quality analysis and uncertainty modeling experiments are conducted. By comprehensive analysis of experimental results, the feasibility of proposed location checkin data quality analysis and process approach and the availability of proposed uncertainty model are verified. The novel approach is proved to have a certain practical significance to the study of the quality issue of crowd-sourcing geographic data.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{navratil13[TUW-218372],

  author = {Navratil, Gerhard and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Wu, B. and Guilbert, E. and Shi, Wenzhong},
  title = {VGI for Land Administration - A Quality Perspective},
  booktitle = {8th International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality},
  publisher = {ISPRS Archives},
  year = {2013},
  note = {Vortrag: 8th International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality, Hong Kong; 2013-05-30 -- 2013-06-01},
  file = {docs/after2010/isprsarchives-XL-2-W1-159-2013.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2012), "GIS Theory - the fundamental principles in GIScience: A mathematical approach", In Tobler Lecture Event 2012. Charleston, SC, USA , pp. 12-41. Association of Americal Geographers.
BibTeX:
@incollection{frank12:12[TUW-211418],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Harvey, Francis J.},
  title = {GIS Theory - the fundamental principles in GIScience: A mathematical approach},
  booktitle = {Tobler Lecture Event 2012},
  publisher = {Association of Americal Geographers},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {12--41}
}
Weiser P, Frank AU and Abdalla A (2012), "Process Composition And Process Reasoning Over Multiple Levels Of Detail", In Extended Abstracts.
Abstract: Space and time are the most prominent features of our everyday experience. While we can movebr>relatively freely within and interact with space, time imposes stricter restrictions on us. We arebr>mere bystanders to the ever-changing flow of time. Close observation of our environment revealsbr>that nothing stands still and everything changes constantly.br>It is generally acknowledged that GIS need to account for the dynamic aspects of the world.br>The almost exclusive depiction of static phenomena (spatial configurations) in GIS reveals itsbr>close historical ties to Cartography. A first call to move beyond the ''map metaphor'' and focusbr>on ''spatial processes, changing the spatial configuration'' can be found in Abler et al. (1971). Anbr>integration of processes in GIS will help to answer questions related to ''When somethingbr>happened or will happen'' (Frank 1998). For a thorough review focusing on the dynamic aspectsbr>in GIS research see Worboys (2005). The vision of a fully dynamic GIS requires a simple,br>combinable, and scalable formal application-independent approach (Weiser and Frank 2010).br>In this work we present our ongoing research on (1) how to represent processes over multiplebr>levels of detail, (2) their combination, and as a result (3) reasoning over processes. We buildbr>upon the notion of ''processes over multiple levels of detail (LoD)'' we have formalizedbr>previously, using partial function application (Weiser and Frank 2012). We now focus on thebr>challenges that arise from combining those processes.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{weiser12[TUW-214935],

  author = {Weiser, Paul and Frank, Andrew U. and Abdalla, Amin},
  title = {Process Composition And Process Reasoning Over Multiple Levels Of Detail},
  booktitle = {Extended Abstracts},
  year = {2012},
  note = {Vortrag: GIScience 2012, Columbus, Ohio; 2012-09-18 -- 2012-09-21}
}
Weiser P and Frank AU (2011), "Dynamic GIS - The Final Frontier?", In GI Forum 2011. GI Forum.
Abstract: Extended Abstract über Probleme und Herausforderungen von dynamischen GIS
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{weiser11[TUW-204453],

  author = {Weiser, Paul and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Dynamic GIS - The Final Frontier?},
  booktitle = {GI Forum 2011},
  publisher = {GI Forum},
  year = {2011},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_204453.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/PubDat_204453.pdf}
}
Abdalla A and Frank AU (2011), "Personal Geographic Information Management", In Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Engineering for Mobile GIS.
Abstract: Traditionally personal information management (PIMs) tools supportbr>people in their daily tasks. While research around personal information management focuses on how to store and retrieve information e ciently,we focus on the use of spatial (geographic) aspects in personal information. Tasks and appointments are represented in calendars or todolists,br>often including temporal and sometimes even spatial information. Un-br>fortunately the spatial information is seldom used for task planning or execution support. Therefore current PIM applications, e.g. on mobile phones, do not use the full power of the devices, and they too often simply resemble a piece of paper with the relevant information on it. The research goal is to extend the possibilities of modern GIS and enable ubiquitous GPS technology to pro-actively support the user in his daily tasks.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{abdalla11[TUW-205037],

  author = {Abdalla, Amin and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Personal Geographic Information Management},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Engineering for Mobile GIS},
  year = {2011},
  note = {Vortrag: Workshop on Cognitive Engineering for Mobile GIS 2011 (COSIT 2011), Belfast, Maine; 2011-09-12},
  file = {docs/after2010/Personal_Geographic_Information_Management.pdf}
}
Karimipour F (2010), "A Mathematical Tool to Extend 2D Spatial Operations to Higher Dimensions". Thesis at: University of Tehran.
Abstract: 3D and temporal objects must be included in GIS to handle real
world phenomena. Many have studied extension of spatial operations to these
multi-dimensional spaces and suggested technical solutions to extend a spatial
operation to a new multi-dimensional space. These technical approaches have
led to developments which can not be generalized. One technique used to
extend a spatial operation from 2D to a multi-dimensional space is not likely
usable for another spatial operation, nor to extend the same spatial operation to
another multi-dimensional space. This paper suggested studying spatial
operations via their dimension-independent properties. It intends to construct a
mathematical framework to integrate spatial operations of different multi-
dimensional spaces (3D and time) a GIS should support. The framework will be
independent of the space in which the operations are applied using algebraic
structures - and more specifically category theory - that ignore those properties
of operations which depend on the objects they are applied to. Implementations
for some case studies for spatial operations of moving points are presented.
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Karimipour2010,

  author = {Farid Karimipour},
  title = {A Mathematical Tool to Extend 2D Spatial Operations to Higher Dimensions},
  school = {University of Tehran},
  year = {2010},
  note = {Supervisors. Mahmoud Reza Delavar and Andrew U. Frank},
  file = {docs/docs4/4432_ICCSA_2008_FKMDAF_153-164.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2010), "Objectivity in GIS: Do Cultural Differences Matter?", In MRSS 6th International Remote Sensing & GIS Conference and Exhibition. , pp. 27-28.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank10:27[TUW-185746],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Shariff, Abdul},
  title = {Objectivity in GIS: Do Cultural Differences Matter?},
  booktitle = {MRSS 6th International Remote Sensing & GIS Conference and Exhibition},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {27--28},
  note = {Vortrag: MRSS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2010-04-28 -- 2010-04-29},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_185746.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/PubDat_185746.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2010), "Reviewing Geoinformation in the Light of Recent Economic Theory"
Abstract: Understanding the value of GIS is understanding the value of the information produced
by the GIS; early GIS proponents argued for the economic advantages of geographic
information systems using standard methods of management science. Only after ad-
vances in economic theory during the 20th century were absorbed by GI scientists, a
theory to establish the value of geographic information per se could be approached. In
this essay, I trace the development by discussing contributions assignable to six Nobel
Laureates in economy.
After a brief outline of how value of geographic information
can be measured, challenges posed by the contributions of two recent Nobel Laureates
to GIS and its use are discussed.
BibTeX:
@unpublished{frank5020,

  author = {Andrew U Frank},
  title = {Reviewing Geoinformation in the Light of Recent Economic Theory},
  year = {2010},
  file = {docs/docs5/5020_GeoValue_2010.pdf}
}
Karimipour F, Delavar M and Frank AU (2009), "An Algebraic Approach to Extend Spatial Operations to Moving Objects", World Applied Sciences Journal. Vol. 6(10)
Abstract: Early Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) dealt with static objects. There is much demand,
however, to include temporal objects in these systems. Many have studied this problem and suggested
technical solutions for different spatial operations. A common shortcoming is that the extension techniques
are highly dependent on the specific case studies and cannot be generalized. In this paper, we propose
studying spatial operations via their dimension-independent properties. This research intends to construct a
mathematical framework that contains primitives for different operations. The framework will be
independent of the space in which the operations are applied using algebraic structures-and more
specifically category theory-that ignore those properties of operations which depend on the objects they are
applied to. Implementations for some case studies are presented.
BibTeX:
@article{karimipour09[TUW-182196],

  author = {Karimipour, Farid and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {An Algebraic Approach to Extend Spatial Operations to Moving Objects},
  journal = {World Applied Sciences Journal},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {6},
  number = {10},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_182196.pdf},
  file = {docs/docsA/Algebraic_SpatialOperations_MovingObjects_V1_WASJ2009.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2009), "Multi-cultural Aspects of Spatial Knowledge", In GeoSpatial Semantics. Heidelberg , pp. 1-8. Springer.
Abstract: It is trivial to observe differences between cultures: people use different languages,
have different modes of building houses and organize their cities differently, to men-
tion only a few. Differences in the culture of different people were and still are one of
the main reasons for travel to foreign countries. The question whether cultural differ-
ences are relevant for the construction of Geographic Information Systems is
longstanding (Burrough et al. 1995) and is of increasing interest since geographic
information is widely accessible using the web and users volunteer information to be
included in the system (Goodchild 2007). The review of how the question of cultural
differences was posed at different times reveals a great deal about the conceptualiza-
tion of GIS at different times and makes a critical review interesting.
At the heart of the discussion of cultural differences relevant for GIScience is a
Whorfian hypothesis that different cultural backgrounds could be responsible for dif-
ferences in the way space and spatial relations are conceived. Whorf claimed that
people using a language with more differentiation, for example in terms describing
different types of snow, also perceive reality differently from people using a language
with less differentiation (Carroll 1956). An early contribution picked up on sugges-
tions made by Mark and others (Mark et al. 1989b) and identified several distinct is-
sues that could be investigated individually (Campari et al. 1993):
1. the cultural assumptions that is built into the GIS software may differ from those
of the user;
2. the influence of decision context in which a GIS is used;
3. the conceptualization of space and time may differ;
4. differences in the administrative processes and how they structure space;
5. the sense of territoriality, ownership or dominance of space, is different between
people, again citing ethnographic examples;
6. the influence of the material culture, the ecosystem, economy and technology.
Campari and Frank in this early paper asked the question whether a single or a few
GIS software packages could serve universally or local (national) development of GIS
software, which still existed at that time, were justified by cultural differences.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank09,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Janowicz, Krzystof and Raubal, Martin and Levashkin, Sergei},
  title = {Multi-cultural Aspects of Spatial Knowledge},
  booktitle = {GeoSpatial Semantics},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {1--8},
  note = {Vortrag: GeoS 2009, Mexico City, Mexico; 2009-12-03 -- 2009-12-04},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat-179260.pdf},
  file = {docs/docs4/4757_Multipl_GeoS_09_58920001.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2009), "What Can GISciences Learn from Vision and Pattern Research? What Can GIScience Contribute?"
BibTeX:
@unpublished{frank4550,

  author = {Andrew U. Frank},
  title = {What Can GISciences Learn from Vision and Pattern Research? What Can GIScience Contribute?},
  year = {2009},
  url = {https://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_174072.pdf},
  file = {docs/docs4/4550_Eibiswald_Keynote_af_engl_.pdf}
}
Karimipour F, Delavar M and Frank AU (2008), "A Mathematical Tool to Extend 2D Spatial Operations", In Computational Science and Its Applications - ICCSA 2008. LNCS 5072 /Part 1/ Heldelberg , pp. 153-164. Springer.
Abstract: 3D and temporal objects must be included in GIS to handle realbr>world phenomena. Many have studied extension of spatial operations to these multi-dimensional spaces and suggested technical solutions to extend a spatial operation to a new multi-dimensional space. These technical approaches have led to developments which can not be generalized. One technique used to extend a spatial operation from 2D to a multi-dimensional space is not likely usable for another spatial operation, nor to extend the same spatial operation to another multi-dimensional space. This paper suggested studying spatial operations via their dimension-independent properties. It intends to construct a mathematical framework to integrate spatial operations of different multidimensional spaces (3D and time) a GIS should support. The framework will be independent of the space in which the operations are applied using algebraic structures - and more specifically category theory - that ignore those properties of operations which depend on the objects they are applied to. Implementations for some case studies for spatial operations of moving points are presented.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{karimipour08:153[TUW-165680],

  author = {Karimipour, Farid and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Gervasi, Osvaldo and Murgante, Beniamino and Laganà, Antonio and Taniar, David and Mun, Yungsong and Gavrilova, Marina},
  title = {A Mathematical Tool to Extend 2D Spatial Operations},
  booktitle = {Computational Science and Its Applications - ICCSA 2008},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {153--164},
  note = {Vortrag: Iccsa 2008, Perugia, Italy; 2008-06-30 -- 2008-07-02},
  file = {/home/frank/Downloads/A_Mathematical_Tool_to_Extend_2D_Spatial_Operation.pdf}
}
(2008), "Geographic Information Science --- 5th International Conference, GIScience 2008" New York, Heidelberg Springer.
BibTeX:
@book{cova08[TUW-166900],
,
  editor = {Cova, Thomas and Miller, Harvey and Beard, Kate and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Geographic Information Science --- 5th International Conference, GIScience 2008},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2008}
}
(2008), "Geographic Information Science (Extended Abstracts) GIScience 2008" New York, Heidelberg Springer.
BibTeX:
@book{cova08[TUW-166901],
,
  editor = {Cova, Thomas and Miller, Harvey and Beard, Kate and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Geographic Information Science (Extended Abstracts) GIScience 2008},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2008}
}
Hofer B and Frank AU (2008), "Towards a Method to Generally Describe Physical Spatial Processes", In Headway in Spatial Data Handling. LNG&C , pp. 217-232. Springer.
Abstract: Spatial processes are the focus of geography and should play a prominent role in geographic information systems (GIS). However, current GIS focus on the static description of properties in space and do not systematically support processes. A general method to describe spatial processes is a prerequisite to including processes in GIS software. This paper outlines an attempt to a general and application independent method to describe processes, limited currently to physical spatial processes. The methodology is based on first modeling a process with a deterministic model. The deterministic models employed here divide the region of interest into blocks and define the influence of the process on each block. The resulting model equations are then related to partial differential equations (PDEs), which are an alternative method for describing processes. Thereby, the qualitative characteristics of processes are identified. A method for describing processes has to be capable of covering the identified characteristics of the processes. As an example the process of diffusion of a contaminant in water is analyzed. The results of this study suggest that this approach allows identifying commonalities among spatial physical processes. These insights can lead to a set of types of processes on which a method to describe spatial processes can be based in the long run.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hofer08:217[TUW-121164],

  author = {Hofer, Barbara and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Ruas, Anne and Gold, Christopher},
  title = {Towards a Method to Generally Describe Physical Spatial Processes},
  booktitle = {Headway in Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {217--232},
  note = {Vortrag: Spatial Data Handling 2008, Montpellier France; 2008-06-23 -- 2008-06-25},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub-geo_2249.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/pub-geo_2249.pdf}
}
Malek MR, Frank AU and Delavar MR (2007), "A Logic-Based Foundation for Spatial Relationships in Mobile GIS Environment", In Location Based Services and TeleCartography. Berlin, Heidelberg , pp. 193-204. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Abstract: The mobile computing is a new revolutionary style of technology that enables us to access information anywhere and anytime. Mobile GIS as an integrating system of mobile computing and some GIS capabilities has fostered a great interest in the GIS field. Although mobile computing has expanded in the past decade, there are still some important constraints the complicate work with a mobile information system. The limited resources in the mobile computing would restrict some features that are available in the traditional computing technology. This chapter attempts to provide a paradigm to treat moving objects in a mobile GIS environment. An idea based on space and time partitioning is suggested. A logic-based framework for representing and reasoning about qualitative spatial relations over moving objects in space and time is proposed. We provide convincing evidence of this theory, by demonstrating how it can provide a framework model of topological relations in space and time. The expressivity power of the proposed framework is shown with some new topological relationships between moving objects and describing the coaching problem in a mobile environment. The latter finds its application in RoboCup championship and battlefield, as well.
BibTeX:
@inbook{Malek2007,

  author = {Malek, Mohammad Reza and Frank, Andrew U. and Delavar, Mahmoud Reza},
  editor = {Gartner, Georg and Cartwright, William and Peterson, Michael P.},
  title = {A Logic-Based Foundation for Spatial Relationships in Mobile GIS Environment},
  booktitle = {Location Based Services and TeleCartography},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {193--204},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36728-4_15},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-36728-4_15}
}
Frank AU (2007), "Einrichtung und Aufbau eines GIS" Geoinformation, TU Wien.
BibTeX:
@book{einrichtung,

  author = {Andrew U. Frank},
  title = {Einrichtung und Aufbau eines GIS},
  publisher = {Geoinformation, TU Wien},
  year = {2007},
  file = {docs/docsS/skript_tei_1_v9.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docsS/skript_BisP25_Teil1_V8.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2007), "Navigation System as an Application of the Geodesic in a Discrete Graph"
Abstract: Navigation systems help car drivers and pedestrians to find their way in unknown environments;
they are probably the most widely used GIS application. GIScience investigates the theoretical foundations for
geoinformation. This article describes a series of recent investigations focusing on finding the shortest path in
a network represented as graph. This seems comparable to the geodesic in continuous space, but operations in
discrete space must rely usually on (agent) simulation.
To aid pedestrians in wayfinding and using public transportation systems effectively, they need information
not only for their spatial decisions (e.g., buy ticket). These business aspects can be represented as a second
graph they navigate. The article shows a novel solution to merge two state-transition graphs using category
theory. The resulting formula can be used immediately to program simulation systems or wayfinding
programs.
BibTeX:
@unpublished{frank4304,

  author = {Andrew U. Frank},
  title = {Navigation System as an Application of the Geodesic in a Discrete Graph},
  year = {2007},
  file = {docs/docs4/4304_Frank_03.07_V2.pdf}
}
Hofer B and Frank AU (2007), "Visualization Schemes for Spatial Processes", In Geospatial Crossroads @ GIForum. , pp. 74-83. Wichmann Verlag.
Abstract: The visualization of spatial data has a long tradition in the fields of cartography and geographic information science. There are guidelines for the visualization of topographic and thematic data. Dynamic spatial processes, which are becoming important for the development of geographic information systems (GIS), demand visualization guidelines for processes. The objective of this paper is to find an assignment of dynamic visualization schemes, i.e., animations and dynamic symbols like arrows, to types of processes. Our means to identify the types of processes, which are the basis of this investigation, is the theory of partial differential equations (PDEs). This approach reveals three main types of processes: diffusion-like, wave-like, and steady-state processes. Our results show that for selecting an appropriate visualization schema we need to know whether the process changes over time and what kind of object the process affects.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{hofer07:74[TUW-120733],

  author = {Hofer, Barbara and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Car, Adrijana and Griesebner, Gerald and Strobl, Josef},
  title = {Visualization Schemes for Spatial Processes},
  booktitle = {Geospatial Crossroads @ GIForum},
  publisher = {Wichmann Verlag},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {74--83},
  note = {Vortrag: GIForum, Salzburg; 2007-07-03 -- 2007-07-06},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub-geo_1780.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/pub-geo_1780.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2007), "Wayfinding for Public transportation Users as Navigation in a Product of Graphs", Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessung und Geoinformation (VGI), begutachteter Spezialband. Vol. 2, pp. 195-200.
Abstract: Navigationssysteme helfen Autofahrern und Fußgängern ihren Weg zu finden. Sie sind wohl die am weitesten verbreiteten GIS Anwendungen; die Geoinformationswissenschaft legt die theoretischen Grundlagen dazu. Es werden hier drei neuere Untersuchungen, die alle die Suche nach dem kürzesten Weg in einem Graph als zentrale Operation enthalten, vorgestellt. br>Fußgänger, die öffentliche Verkehrsmittel verwenden wollen, brauchen nicht nur Anweisungen für ihre Bewegungen im Raum, sondern auch Hinweise auf Benützungsregeln der Verkehrsmittel (Ticket kaufen, abstempeln etc.). Diese Regeln können ebenfalls als Zustands-Übergangsgraph dargestellt werden. Es wird hier eine neuartige mathematische Formulierung für die Verbindung der zwei Zustands-Übergangsgraphen angegeben, die auf Kategorientheorie beruht und zur Programmierung geeignet ist.
BibTeX:
@article{frank07:195[TUW-120734],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Wayfinding for Public transportation Users as Navigation in a Product of Graphs},
  journal = {Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessung und Geoinformation (VGI), begutachteter Spezialband},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {195--200},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub-geo_1781.pdf},
  file = {docs/after2010/pub-geo_1781.pdf}
}
Frank A (2007), "Wayfinding for Public Transportation Users as Navigation in a Product of Graphs", VGI (Spezialband). Vol. 2, pp. 195-200. ÖGK.
Abstract: Navigationssysteme helfen Autofahrern und Fußgängern ihren Weg zu finden. Sie sind wohl die am weitesten verbreiteten GIS Anwendungen; die Geoinformationswissenschaft legt die theoretischen Grundlagen dazu. Es werden hier drei neuere Untersuchungen, die alle die Suche nach dem kürzesten Weg in einem Graph als zentrale Operation enthalten, vorgestellt. par Fußgänger, die öffentliche Verkehrsmittel verwenden wollen, brauchen nicht nur Anweisungen für ihre Bewegungen im Raum, sondern auch Hinweise auf Benützungsregeln der Verkehrsmittel (Ticket kaufen, abstempeln etc.). Diese Regeln können ebenfalls als Zustands-Übergangsgraph dargestellt werden. Es wird hier eine neuartige mathematische Formulierung für die Verbindung der zwei Zustands-Übergangsgraphen angegeben, die auf Kategorientheorie beruht und zur Programmierung geeignet ist.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank2007e,

  author = {Frank, A.},
  title = {Wayfinding for Public Transportation Users as Navigation in a Product of Graphs},
  journal = {VGI (Spezialband)},
  publisher = {ÖGK},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {195--200},
  file = {docs/docs4/4304VGI_Sonderheft_Frank_03.07_FB_V9.pdf}
}
Pontikakis E (2007), "Wayfinding in GIS: Formalization of Basic Needs of a Passenger When Using Public Transportation" Vienna GeoInfo Series.
BibTeX:
@book{pontikakis07[TUW-120720],

  author = {Pontikakis, Elissavet},
  editor = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Wayfinding in GIS: Formalization of Basic Needs of a Passenger When Using Public Transportation},
  publisher = {GeoInfo Series},
  year = {2007},
  url = {http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub-geo_1766.pdf}
}
Malek MR and Frank A (2006), "A Mobile Computing Approach for Navigation Purposes", In 6th International Symposium, W2GIS 2006. LNCS 4295 Vol. LNCS 4295, pp. 11. Springer.
Abstract: The mobile computing technology has been rapidly increased in the
past decade; however there still exist some important constraints which
complicate the use of mobile information systems. The limited resources on the
mobile computing would restrict some features that are available on the
traditional computing technology. In almost all previous works it is assumed
that the moving object cruises within a fixed altitude layer, with a fixed target
point, and its velocity is predefined. In addition, accessibility to up-to-date
knowledge of the whole mobile users and a global time frame are prerequisite.
The lack of two last conditions in a mobile environment is our assumptions. In
this article we suggest an idea based on space and time partitioning in order to
provide a paradigm that treats moving objects in mobile GIS environment. A
method for finding collision-free path based on the divide and conquer idea is
proposed. The method is, to divide space-time into small parts and solve the
problems recursively and the combination of the solutions solves the original
problem. We concentrate here on finding a near optimal collision-free path
because of its importance in robot motion planning, intelligent transportation
system (ITS), and any mobile autonomous navigation system.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Malek2006,

  author = {Malek, M. R. and Frank, A.},
  editor = {Carswell, J. and Tezuka, T.},
  title = {A Mobile Computing Approach for Navigation Purposes},
  booktitle = {6th International Symposium, W2GIS 2006},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {LNCS 4295},
  pages = {11},
  note = {Vortrag: 6th International Symposium, W2GIS 2006, Hong Kong, China; 2006-12-04 -- 2006-12-05},
  file = {docs/docsH/MobileCompMalekFrankW2GIS06.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2006), "Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example", In Classics from IJGIS. Boca Raton, Fl. , pp. 327-353. CRC Press.
Abstract: Geographers use spatial reasoning extensively in large-scale spaces, i.e., spaces that cannot be seen or understood from a single point of view. Spatial reasoning differentiates several spatial relations, e.g. topological or metric relations, and is typically formalized using a Cartesian coordinate system and vector algebra. This quantitative processing of information is clearly different from the ways human draw conclusions about spatial relations. Formalized qualitative reasoning processes are shown to be a necessary part of Spatial Expert Systems and Geographical Information Systems. Addressing a subset of the total problem, namely reasoning with cardinal directions, a completely qualitative method, without resource to analytical procedures, is introduced and a method for its formal comparison with quantitative formula is defined. The focus is on the analysis of cardinal directions and their properties. An algebraic method is used to formalize the meaning of directions. The standard directional symbols (N, W, etc.) are supplemented with a symbol corresponding to an undetermined direction between points too close to each other which greatly increases the power of the inference rules. Two specific systems to determine and reason with cardinal directions are discussed in some detail.br>From this example and some other previous work, a comprehensive set of research steps is laid out, following a mathematically based taxonomy. It includes the extension of distance and direction reasoning to extended objects and the definitions of other metric relations that characterize situations when objects are not disjoined. The conclusions compare such an approach with other concepts.
BibTeX:
@incollection{frank06:327[TUW-120811],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Fisher, Peter},
  title = {Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example},
  booktitle = {Classics from IJGIS},
  publisher = {CRC Press},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {327--353},
  note = {A reprint of my article of the same title in the collection of the "most significant and influential articles ever published in the journal" (Peter Fisher, Summary).}
}
Frank AU (2006), "Twenty Years of Reasoning with Spatial Relations", In Classics from IJGIS Twenty Years of the International Journal of Geographical Information Science and Systems. Boca Raton London New York , pp. 353-363. Taylor & Francis.
BibTeX:
@incollection{frank06:353[TUW-120825],

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Fisher, Peter},
  title = {Twenty Years of Reasoning with Spatial Relations},
  booktitle = {Classics from IJGIS Twenty Years of the International Journal of Geographical Information Science and Systems},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {353--363}
}
Karimipour F, Delavar M and Frank AU (2005), "Applications of Cartrgory Theory for Dynamic GIS Analyses", In GIS Planet 2005.
Abstract: Geospatial Information Systems (GISs) are widely used to support spatially related
decisions. However, recent developments in time-dependent data from historical
to real time data capture, force GISs to be extended to handle changes over time.
Therefore, existing analysis functions have to be lifted from static to dynamic.
Most of past efforts in this area have used computational techniques for special
purposes. Therefore, using a general concept to establish dynamic capabilities to
a wide range of GIS analyses is useful. This is possible through considering GIS
elements and analyses as algebraic structures using category theory and its
related concepts. It is intended in this paper to define a functor to be used to
transform static GIS analysis functions to dynamic ones using higher order
(functional) languages. To achieve this objective, some major analysis functions
are investigated in this paper and the results will be generalized to the rest, as
further steps of this research.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{karimipour05[TUW-120494],

  author = {Karimipour, Farid and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Goodchild, Michael},
  title = {Applications of Cartrgory Theory for Dynamic GIS Analyses},
  booktitle = {GIS Planet 2005},
  year = {2005},
  note = {Vortrag: GISPLANET, Estoril, Portugal; 2005-05-30 -- 2005-06-02},
  file = {docs/docsA/GISPlanet2005_ApplicationsOfCategoryTheoryForDynamicGISAnalyses.pdf}
}
Navratil G, Twaroch F and Frank AU (2005), "Complexity vs. Security in the Austrian Land Register", In CORP 2005 GeoMultimedia 05 10th International Syposium. Selbstverlag Institut für EDV-geschütze Methoden in Architektur und Raumplanung der Technischen Universität Wien.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{navratil05[TUW-119847],

  author = {Navratil, Gerhard and Twaroch, Florian and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Schrenk, Manfred},
  title = {Complexity vs. Security in the Austrian Land Register},
  booktitle = {CORP 2005 GeoMultimedia 05 10th International Syposium},
  publisher = {Selbstverlag Institut für EDV-geschütze Methoden in Architektur und Raumplanung der Technischen Universität Wien},
  year = {2005},
  note = {Vortrag: CORP 2005 - GeoMultimedia 05, Wien; 2005-02-22 -- 2005-02-25},
  file = {docs/after2010/CORP2005_NAVRATIL_TWAROCH_FRANK.pdf}
}
Abushady A and Frank AU (2005), "How Can Remote Sensing and GIS Help in the Verification of International Treaties?", In Recent Advances in Space Technologies, 2005. RAST 2005. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on. , pp. 517-522. IEEE.
Abstract: This research is designed to investigate how remote sensing and GIS can be used in the verification regime of International Treaties-It focuses on the semantic difference and transformation from the goals of a treaty to the observable and verifiable elements. A case study for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) is presented, demonstrating the potential capabilities for the use of Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing as a verification technology for the use on an On-Site Inspection (OSI) to narrow down the search area for an unknown underground event or a possible underground nuclear explosion. GIS, by spatially linking different layers of information, acts as a logical analytical tool to overview all the inputs for the verification. In simpler words, it adds up all the clues automatically in order to view the whole situation. For example, in the case of a CTBT verification regime, one has multiple data layers in the GIS database representing various technologies. One layer for the Seismic network and findings, another layer for the radionuclide measurements, and another for the visual observation findings. By overlaying all those layers together and by performing spatial querying in the GIS database, suspicious areas are denoted and identified, and hence an On-Site Inspection can be called to concentrate on those areas at first instead of the whole Inspection Area thus saving time and resources. It is clearly demonstrated that Satellite Imagery and GIS are useful tools and technologies in the verification regime for CTB treaty. However, it has to be understood that satellite imagery and GIS alone are insufficient, they have to be used together with all the other technologies stated in the treaty (e.g. seismic, radionuclide, etc.) and that they can not be the only technology used for the verification. Even though they are a powerful tool, they are strongly dependant on human operators and if the analyst makes a mistake in one of his approaches, the whole azimuth of the results shifts towards a wrong solution. Therefore, Satellite Imagery and GIS when integrated with other technologies acts as a strengthening tool to strengthen or weaken the assumptions but not as a litmus test giving a yes or no answer.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{abushady05:517[TUW-120875],

  author = {Abushady, A. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {How Can Remote Sensing and GIS Help in the Verification of International Treaties?},
  booktitle = {Recent Advances in Space Technologies, 2005. RAST 2005. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {517--522},
  note = {Vortrag: RAST 2005, Istanbul, Turkey; 2005-06-09 -- 2005-06-11},
  file = {docs/docsA/Abushady_Frank_Rast_07_01512623[1].pdf}
}
Frank AU (2005), "Map Algebra Extended with Functors for Temporal Data", In Perspectives in Conceptual Modeling: ER 2005 Workshops CAOIS, BP-UML, CoMoGIS, eCOMO, and QoIS. LNCS 3770, Berlin, Heidelberg , pp. 194-207. Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank05,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Akoka, Jacky and others},
  title = {Map Algebra Extended with Functors for Temporal Data},
  booktitle = {Perspectives in Conceptual Modeling: ER 2005 Workshops CAOIS, BP-UML, CoMoGIS, eCOMO, and QoIS},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {194--207},
  note = {Vortrag: ER Workshop 2005, Klagenfurt, Austria; 2005-10-24 -- 2005-10-28},
  file = {docs/docs3/37700193MapAlgebraEx.pdf}
}
Karimipour F, Delavar M, Frank AU and Rezayan H (2005), "Point in Polygon Analysis for Moving Objects", In The 4th Workshop on Dynamic & Multi-dimensional GIS. 36 , pp. 68-72. ISPRS.
Abstract: The decision whether a moving object is inside a polygon or not is a function of time. This is an important and instructive example
problem to discuss a general method to deal with temporal data in GIS. Recently, some efforts have been done to handle temporal
dimension of our space effectively both in our theoretical and commercial approaches. However, existing commercial GISs have
only very limited support for it. In this situation, GI theory is investigating an appropriate solution through formalizing the
utilization of time on the basis of mathematical and computer sciences. This formalization is carried out by definition of spatial and
temporal concepts, operators, and processes in GI as abstract algebras, which are mapped together using morphisms. The achieved
results have to be more advanced by testing different hypothesis. This idea has been implemented for time lifting of issues related to
moving objects in this paper and the mentioned approaches are used for hypothesis of integrating static and dynamic point in
polygon analysis into a unique algorithm. The conclusions out coming from this work certify validity of these approaches for point
in polygon analysis for moving objects. The results will be generalized to the rest, as further steps of this research.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{karimipour05:68[TUW-120020],

  author = {Karimipour, Farid and Delavar, M and Frank, Andrew U. and Rezayan, H},
  editor = {Gold, Christopher},
  title = {Point in Polygon Analysis for Moving Objects},
  booktitle = {The 4th Workshop on Dynamic & Multi-dimensional GIS},
  publisher = {ISPRS},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {68--72},
  note = {Vortrag: ISPRS working group II/IV, Pontypridd, Wales, UK; 2005-09-05 -- 2005-09-08},
  file = {docs/docsH/POINT_IN_POLYGON_DMGIS.pdf}
}
Frank AU, Grum E and Vasseur B (2004), "Procedure to select the best dataset for a task", In International Conference on Geographic Information Science. LNCS 3234 , pp. 81-93. Springer.
Abstract: This paper models the decision process when selecting among
different datasets the one most suitable for a task. It shows how metadata
describing the quality of the dataset and descriptions of the task are used to
make this decision. A simple comparison of task requirements and available
data quality is supplemented with general, common-sense knowledge about
effects of errors, lack of precision in the data and the dilution of quality over
time. It consists of two steps: first, compute the data quality considering the
time elapsed since the data collection; and second, assess the utility of the
available data for the decision. A practical example of an assessment of the
suitability of two datasets for two different tasks is computed and leads to the
intuitively expected result.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank2004procedure,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U and Grum, Eva and Vasseur, Bérengère},
  editor = {Egenhofer, Max and Freksa, Christian and Miller, Harvey},
  title = {Procedure to select the best dataset for a task},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Geographic Information Science},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {81--93},
  note = {Vortrag: GIScience 2004, Adelphi, MD, USA; 2004-10-20 -- 2004-10-23},
  file = {docs/docsH/Procedure_gis_science_v5.pdf}
}
Winter S, Frank AU, Bartelme N, Hausleitner W and Car A (2001), "Situation and Trends der Geodäsie-Ausbildung in Österreich". Thesis at: DGPF, SVG und OeVG. Konstanz
Abstract: Die Ausbildung für Vermessung und Geoinformation in Österreich
befindet sich im Umbruch. Einerseits hat ein neues Universitätsstudiengesetz die
Möglichkeit eines Magister-Abschlusses gebracht, was in den Diplomstudiengängen
Diskussionen um einen Umstieg auslöst. Andererseits sind in Österreich
Fachhochschulen mit nahestehenden Studiengängen entstanden oder im Entstehen.
BibTeX:
@techreport{winter2001,

  author = {Stephan Winter and Andrew U. Frank and Norbert Bartelme and Walter Hausleitner and Adrijana Car},
  title = {Situation and Trends der Geodäsie-Ausbildung in Österreich},
  school = {DGPF, SVG und OeVG},
  year = {2001},
  file = {docs/docsS/swafnbwhsituation01.pdf}
}
Frank AU, Nittel S and Winter S (2000), "Abstract Modeling with Functional Languages". Thesis at: TU Vienna and UCLA.
BibTeX:
@techreport{FrankNittelWinter,

  author = {Andrew U. Frank and Silvia Nittel and Stephan Winter},
  title = {Abstract Modeling with Functional Languages},
  school = {TU Vienna and UCLA},
  year = {2000},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afsnswabstract00.pdf}
}
Frank AU (2000), "Geographic Information Science: New methods and technology", Journal of Geographical Systems, Special Issue: Spatial Analysis and GIS. Vol. 2(1), pp. 99-105.
BibTeX:
@article{VareniusMeeting,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  title = {Geographic Information Science: New methods and technology},
  journal = {Journal of Geographical Systems, Special Issue: Spatial Analysis and GIS},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {99--105},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afgisnew00.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Kuhn W (2000), "Langages de spécification pour SIG ouverts", Revue international de géomatique. Vol. 9(February 2000), pp. 135-152.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank2000b,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Kuhn, Werner},
  title = {Langages de spécification pour SIG ouverts},
  journal = {Revue international de géomatique},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {9},
  number = {February 2000},
  pages = {135--152},
  file = {docs/docs3/3249_SIGouverts.PDF}
}
Frank AU (1998), "Different Types of 'Times' in GIS", In Spatial and Temporal Reasoning in GIS. , pp. 40-61. Oxford University Press.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Frank1998b,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Egenhofer, Max J. and Golledge, Reginald G.},
  title = {Different Types of 'Times' in GIS},
  booktitle = {Spatial and Temporal Reasoning in GIS},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {40--61},
  file = {docs/docsA/Different_Types_of_TIMES_in_GIS_98.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docs1/692timesgis98.pdf}
}
Hölbling W, Kuhn W and Frank AU (1998), "Finite-Resolution Simplicial Complexes", GeoInformatica. Vol. 2(3), pp. 281-298.
Abstract: Simplicial Complexes are used to model topology in
Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Line
intersection is an essential operation to update
them. We introduce a finite-resolution line
intersection method, called Zero Order Intersection,
and apply it to simplicial complexes.Any reliable
implementation of a line intersection algorithm has
to address the limitations of a discrete
computational environment. If handled improperly,
finite representation can cause drifting lines and
similar effects in otherwise topologically consistent
data. The Zero Order Intersection method is designed
to avoid such inconsistencies. Its application to
simplicial complexes results in the Discrete
Simplicial Data Model which guarantees consistency
and reliability of topological queries within a GIS.
BibTeX:
@article{Hoelbling1998,

  author = {Hölbling, Werner and Kuhn, Werner and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Finite-Resolution Simplicial Complexes},
  journal = {GeoInformatica},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {281--298},
  file = {docs/docs1/2418-paper-kluwer.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1998), "GIS for Politics", In GIS Planet. Vol. 98, pp. 9-11. IMERSIV.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1998d,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  title = {GIS for Politics},
  booktitle = {GIS Planet},
  publisher = {IMERSIV},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {98},
  pages = {9--11},
  file = {docs/docs1/2929_GISPlanet_GIS for Politics.pdf}
}
Frank AU, Volta GS and McGranaghan M (1997), "Formalization of Families of Categorical Coverages", IJGIS. Vol. 11(3), pp. 215-231.
Abstract: Categorical coverages are popular for the presentation of thematic data in cartographic form and have
gained widespread use. Routines for their preparation are included in most GIS software. Categorical coverages are
simple to implement and easy to understand. The popularity of the categorical coverage is closely related to the
intuitive rules that determine its behavior. This paper presents a formalization of these rules based on the concepts of
a partition of space and the refinement of such partitions of space.
A family of categorical coverages is defined as all categorical coverages that can be produced from a data set
through aggregations of categories. It is shown that categorical coverages are partially ordered by ’refinement’ of
partitions. This ordering is preserved in the mapping from the ordering of the partition of the attribute domain to the
partition of space. This formalization is not only useful for implementors of GIS, but the list of possible operations
and their properties is the base for the design of a user interface to produce and manipulate categorical coverages.
The thematic definition of categorical coverages is directly related to the cartographic rendering. Changes in the
thematic definition, i.e. changes of the map legend, can be automatically propagated to the rendering. Limitation of
cartographic rendering, e.g. resolution of the screen, limits the presentation of the result. These influences from the
rendering cannot automatically be translated into changes in the subdivisions of the categories. This may explain why
good graphical presentation is still an art and the production of thematic maps is not fully automated.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1997,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Volta, G. S. and McGranaghan, M.},
  title = {Formalization of Families of Categorical Coverages},
  journal = {IJGIS},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {215-231},
  file = {docs/docsA/Formal.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docs1/29_Categorical_coverages.pdf}
}
Hirtle SC and Frank AU (1997), "Spatial Information Theory A Theoretical Basis for GIS: International Conference COSIT'97, Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania, USA, October 15-18, 1997. Proceedings" Vol. 1329 Springer Science & Business Media.
BibTeX:
@book{hirtle1997spatial,

  author = {Hirtle, Stephen C and Frank, Andrew U},
  title = {Spatial Information Theory A Theoretical Basis for GIS: International Conference COSIT'97, Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania, USA, October 15-18, 1997. Proceedings},
  publisher = {Springer Science & Business Media},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {1329}
}
Frank AU (1996), "A question of semantics", GIS Europe. (October), pp. 26.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1996f,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  title = {A question of semantics},
  journal = {GIS Europe},
  year = {1996},
  number = {October},
  pages = {26},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afquestion96.pdf}
}
(1996), "Geographic Objects with Indeterminate Boundaries", In GISDATA booktitle. Vol. 2 Taylor & Francis.
BibTeX:
@book{ESFWorkshopBaden,
,
  editor = {Burrough, P. A. and Frank, A. U.},
  title = {Geographic Objects with Indeterminate Boundaries},
  booktitle = {GISDATA booktitle},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {2}
}
Frank AU (1996), "Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example", IJGIS. Vol. 10(3), pp. 269-290.
Abstract: Geographers use spatial reasoning extensively in
large-scale spaces, i.e.,spaces that cannot be seen
or understood from a single point of view.Spatial
reasoning differentiates several spatial relations,
e.g.topological or metric relations, and is typically
formalized using aCartesian coordinate system and
vector algebra. This quantitativeprocessing of
information is clearly different from the ways humans
drawconclusions about spatial relations. Formalized
qualitative reasoningprocesses are shown to be a
necessary part of Spatial Expert Systems
andGeographic Information Systems.Addressing a subset
of the total problem, namely reasoning with
cardinaldirections, a completely qualitative method,
without recourse to analyticalprocedures, is
introduced and a method for its formal comparison
withquantitative formulae is defined. The focus is on
the analysis of cardinaldirections and their
properties. An algebraic method is used to
formalizethe meaning of directions. The standard
directional symbols (N, W, etc.)are supplemented with
a symbol corresponding to an undetermined
directionbetween points too close to each other which
greatly increases the power ofthe inference rules.
Two specific systems to determine and reason
withcardinal directions are discussed in some
detail.From this example and some other previous
work, a comprehensive set ofresearch steps is laid
out, following a mathematically based taxonomy.
Itincludes the extension of distance and direction
reasoning to extendedobjects and the definitions of
other metric relations that characterizesituations
when objects are not disjointed. The conclusions
compare such anapproach with other concepts.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1996e,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example},
  journal = {IJGIS},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {269--290},
  file = {docs/docsH/ijgis-frank.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1996), "The Prevalence of Objects with Sharp Boundaries in GIS", In Geographic Objects with Indeterminate Boundaries. Vol. 2, pp. 29-40. Taylor & Francis.
BibTeX:
@incollection{ESFmeetingBaden,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Burrough, P. A. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {The Prevalence of Objects with Sharp Boundaries in GIS},
  booktitle = {Geographic Objects with Indeterminate Boundaries},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {29--40},
  file = {docs/docs1/1712_Prevalence_of_objects.pdf}
}
Kuhn W and Frank AU (1996), "Toward Usable Spatial Information", In ISPRS. Vol. ?, pp. ?. International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
Abstract: Spatial data are being collected at an increasing pace, with photogrammetry and remote sensing serving as the most productive data collecting disciplines. At the same time, markets for spatial information are emerging world-wide. Still too often, however, there is a mismatch between the demand and supply of spatial information: data being collected and offered sometimes do not meet the expectations of potential buyers. The malfunctioning of spatial data markets has many reasons, ranging from the fact that users are often unaware of existing data to the difficulties in interpreting and processing spatial data once they have been bought, to institutional and legal obstacles. A major technical reason is the lacking usability of data collections. The presentation addresses the issue of usability and discusses the widely proposed remedy of metadata. It concludes that the most effective step toward usable spatial data is not to document data collections, but to modularise them into small manageable units and packaging them with suitable operations. This vision of future spatial information services is currently being pursued under the heading of ``Open GIS''.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Kuhn1996g,

  author = {Kuhn, Werner and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Toward Usable Spatial Information},
  booktitle = {ISPRS},
  publisher = {International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {?},
  pages = {?},
  file = {docs/docsS/wkaftowusable96.pdf}
}
Burrough PA and Frank AU (1995), "Concepts and Paradigms in Spatial Information: Are Current Geographic Information Systems Truly Generic?", International Journal of Geographical Information Systems. Vol. 9(2), pp. 101-116.
BibTeX:
@article{Badenpaper,

  author = {Burrough, Peter A. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Concepts and Paradigms in Spatial Information: Are Current Geographic Information Systems Truly Generic?},
  journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Systems},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {101--116},
  file = {docs/docs1/docs1/1379.final.ijgis.Burr_af.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Kuhn W (1995), "Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS (COSIT'95) - Foreword" Springer Verlag.
BibTeX:
@book{frank1995spatial,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U and Kuhn, Werner},
  title = {Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS (COSIT'95) - Foreword},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  year = {1995},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afwksit95.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Kuhn W (1995), "Specifying Open GIS with Functional Languages", In Advances in Spatial Databases (4th Int. Symposium on Large Spatial Databases, ssD'95, in Portland, USA). Vol. 951, pp. 184-195. Springer-Verlag.
BibTeX:
@incollection{frank95specifying,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Kuhn, Werner},
  editor = {Egenhofer, Max J. and Herring, John R.},
  title = {Specifying Open GIS with Functional Languages},
  booktitle = {Advances in Spatial Databases (4th Int. Symposium on Large Spatial Databases, ssD'95, in Portland, USA)},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {951},
  pages = {184--195},
  file = {docs/docs1/2012_SSD95_OGISfunctional.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1995), "Strategies for the Introduction of GIS", In Basic Concepts of GIS (ISPRS).
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1995d,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  title = {Strategies for the Introduction of GIS},
  booktitle = {Basic Concepts of GIS (ISPRS)},
  year = {1995},
  file = {docs/docsA/Frank-gis_strategiesMaterialSS'07.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Timpf S (1994), "Multiple Representations for Cartographic Objects in a Multi-Scale Tree - An Intelligent Graphical Zoom", Computers and Graphics Special Issue on Modelling and Visualization of Spatial Data in GIS. Vol. 18(6), pp. 823-829.
Abstract: In Geographic Information Systems a function to draw cartographic sketches quickly and in arbitrary scales
is needed. This calls for cartographic generalization, a notoriously difficult problem. Efforts to achieve
automatic cartographic generalization were successful for specific aspects, but no complete solution is
known, nor are there any expected within the immediate future. In practical applications, a base map is stored
and its scale is changed. Without major distortions, only changes to twice or half the original scale are
feasible by simple numeric scale change. Everything beyond this requires adaptation of symbols, selection of
objects, placements of labels etc.
Extending ideas of hierarchies or pyramids, where representations of the same objects at different scales
are stored, a multi-scale, hierarchical spatial model is proposed. Objects with increasing detail are stored in
levels and can be used to compose a map at a particular scale. Applied to the particular problem of
cartographic mapping, this results in a multi-scale cartographic tree. The same concept can be used equally
well for other applications, which require rendering of objects at different levels of detail.
The structure of the multi-scale tree is explained. It is based on a trade-off between storage and
computation, replacing all steps which are difficult to automate by essentially redundant storage. The
dominant operation is 'zoom', which moves towards a more detailed level, intelligently replacing the current
graphical representation with the more detailed one, appropriate for the selected new scale. Methods to select
objects for rendering are based on the principle of equal information density. Principles of possible
implementations are presented.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1994e,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Timpf, Sabine},
  title = {Multiple Representations for Cartographic Objects in a Multi-Scale Tree - An Intelligent Graphical Zoom},
  journal = {Computers and Graphics Special Issue on Modelling and Visualization of Spatial Data in GIS},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {18},
  number = {6},
  pages = {823--829},
  file = {docs/docsS/zoom-C&G94.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docs1/1439_C&G94_intellzoom.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1994), "Qualitative Temporal Reasoning in GIS - Ordered Time Scales", In Sixth International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, SDH'94. Vol. 1, pp. 410-430. IGU Commission on GIS.
Abstract: There is a strong request for GIS to include temporal information. Most efforts
currently are addressing the incorporation of time qua calendar time. Events are
dated according to the ordinary time and calendar, which are effectively
measurements on an interval scale. Temporal information available only as relative
order between events cannot be incorporated in this framework. Clearly knowledge
about temporal order without measurement on the time scale is less precise but
nevertheless useful. Human beings use qualitative temporal reasoning all the time.
Qualitative ordinal information about events is typically encountered in
archeology, urban development etc. where precise dates for events are not known
but the relative order of events can be deduced from observations. Even in legal
proceedings about parcel data, ordinal relations are often all what matters. These
are among the disciplines which have asked for the inclusion of facilities to deal
with temporal data in GIS.
This paper gives specifications for ordinal temporal reasoning using qualitative
methods. It differentiates between different time models, each having slightly
different properties: models with or without events at the same time, models with
total or partial order. It discusses the introduction of tolerances (without recourse to
measurements of an epsilon value) and how it affects reasoning.
The semantics are given as formal specification, expressed in an algebraic
notation which can be executed. An example from a parcel subdivision is used
throughout and results from various computations are compared with human logical
deduction.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1994a,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Waugh, Thomas C. and Healey, Richard G.},
  title = {Qualitative Temporal Reasoning in GIS - Ordered Time Scales},
  booktitle = {Sixth International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, SDH'94},
  publisher = {IGU Commission on GIS},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {410--430},
  file = {docs/docsH/ordered_time_scales.pdf}
}
Kuhn W, Haunold P and Frank AU (1994), "The GIS User Interface as a Major Economical Factor: A Case Study in Manual Map Digitizing", In FIG. Vol. 3
Abstract: Geographic information systems (GIS) have become a
widely used technology for managing spatially
referenced information in the private and public
sectors. The rapid growth of the market for GIS
technology and digital spatial data raises some
crucial economic issues. While past GIS
implementations were primarily concerned with
hardware and software capabilities, the focus of
attention is now shifting to issues of effective
system use by individuals and organizations. Among
these issues are the usability of GIS and the cost of
data, including their maintenance. This paper
presents an analytical investigation of such issues
in the context of GIS data acquisition by manual map
digitizing at a national surveying and mapping
agency.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Kuhn1994c,

  author = {Kuhn, Werner and Haunold, Peter and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {The GIS User Interface as a Major Economical Factor: A Case Study in Manual Map Digitizing},
  booktitle = {FIG},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {3},
  file = {docs/docsS/wkphafgisuser94.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1993), "GIS in the Year 2000", In GIS: Technology and Applications Far East Workshop on GIS. , pp. 189-208. World Scientific.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Frank1993d,

  author = {Frank, A. U.},
  editor = {Lu, Hongjun and Ooi, Beng Chin},
  title = {GIS in the Year 2000},
  booktitle = {GIS: Technology and Applications Far East Workshop on GIS},
  publisher = {World Scientific},
  year = {1993},
  pages = {189--208},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afgisyear93.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Campari I (1993), "Spatial Information Theory - Foreword", In Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. European Conference, COSIT'93. Vol. 716 Springer Science & Business Media.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frank1993cositintro,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U and Campari, Irene},
  title = {Spatial Information Theory - Foreword},
  booktitle = {Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. European Conference, COSIT'93},
  publisher = {Springer Science & Business Media},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {716},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/aficsit93.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Campari I (1993), "Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. European Conference, COSIT'93", In Lecutre Notes in Computer Science LNCS. Vol. 716 Springer Science & Business Media.
BibTeX:
@book{frank1993spatial,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U and Campari, Irene},
  title = {Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. European Conference, COSIT'93},
  booktitle = {Lecutre Notes in Computer Science LNCS},
  publisher = {Springer Science & Business Media},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {716}
}
Frank AU (1993), "The use of Geographical Information Systems: The user interface is the GIS", In Human Computer Interaction and Geographic Information Systems. , pp. 3-14. Belhaven Press.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Frank1993e,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Medyckyj-Scott, David and Hearnshaw, Hilary},
  title = {The use of Geographical Information Systems: The user interface is the GIS},
  booktitle = {Human Computer Interaction and Geographic Information Systems},
  publisher = {Belhaven Press},
  year = {1993},
  pages = {3--14},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afuse93.pdf}
}
Kemp KK (1993), "Toward Consensus on a European GIS Curriculum: The International Post-Graduate Course on GIS", In UDMS 1993. , pp. 42-51. ADV Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Datenverarbeitung.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Kemp1993e,

  author = {Kemp, Karen K.},
  title = {Toward Consensus on a European GIS Curriculum: The International Post-Graduate Course on GIS},
  booktitle = {UDMS 1993},
  publisher = {ADV Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Datenverarbeitung},
  year = {1993},
  pages = {42--51},
  file = {docs/docsH/kkaftowardc96.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1993), "Von der Datenbank zur Graphik - Transformation von Datenmodellen", In GIS und Kartographie - Tagungsband zum Wiener Symposium 1991. Vol. 6, pp. 8-16. Institut für Geographie der Universität Wien.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Frank93graphik,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Kainz, Wolfgang and Mayer, Ferdinand},
  title = {Von der Datenbank zur Graphik - Transformation von Datenmodellen},
  booktitle = {GIS und Kartographie - Tagungsband zum Wiener Symposium 1991},
  publisher = {Institut für Geographie der Universität Wien},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {8--16},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afgraphik91.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1992), "Auswahl eines GIS" Geo-Information, TU Wien.
BibTeX:
@techreport{Frank1992b,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Auswahl eines GIS},
  publisher = {Geo-Information, TU Wien},
  year = {1992},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afkursgis92.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Egenhofer MJ (1992), "Computer Cartography for GIS: An Object-Oriented View on the Display Transformations", Computers & Geosciences. Vol. 18(8), pp. 975-987.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1992j,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Egenhofer, Max J.},
  title = {Computer Cartography for GIS: An Object-Oriented View on the Display Transformations},
  journal = {Computers & Geosciences},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {18},
  number = {8},
  pages = {975--987},
  file = {docs/docsA/aufmecompcart92.pdf}
}
Flewelling DM, Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1992), "Constructing Geological Cross Sections with a Chronology of Geologic Events", In 5th International Symposium on Spatal Data Handling. Vol. 2, pp. 544-553. IGU Commision on GIS.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Flewelling1992,

  author = {Flewelling, Douglas M. and Egenhofer, Max J. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Constructing Geological Cross Sections with a Chronology of Geologic Events},
  booktitle = {5th International Symposium on Spatal Data Handling},
  publisher = {IGU Commision on GIS},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {544--553},
  file = {docs/docsA/dfafmeconstructing92.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1992), "Qualitative Spatial Reasoning about Distances and Directions in Geographic Space", Journal of Visual Languages and Computing. Vol. 1992(3), pp. 343-371.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1992e,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Qualitative Spatial Reasoning about Distances and Directions in Geographic Space},
  journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {1992},
  number = {3},
  pages = {343--371},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afqualspatrddgs92.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1992), "Spational Reasoning - Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications", In EGIS '92 Third European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems. Vol. 1, pp. 310-319. EGIS Foundation.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1992g,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Harts, Janjaap and Ottens, Henk F. L. and Scholten, Henk J. and Ondaatje, Deby A.},
  title = {Spational Reasoning - Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications},
  booktitle = {EGIS '92 Third European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems},
  publisher = {EGIS Foundation},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {310--319},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afspatialr92.pdf}
}
(1992), "Theories and Models of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space" Springer (LNCS 639).
BibTeX:
@book{frank92theories,
,
  editor = {Frank, Andrew U. and Campari, I. and Formentini, U.},
  title = {Theories and Models of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space},
  publisher = {Springer (LNCS 639)},
  year = {1992}
}
Frank AU, Egenhofer M and Kuhn W (1991), "A Perspective on GIS Technology in the Nineties", Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. Vol. 57(11), pp. 1431-1436.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1991i,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Egenhofer, Max and Kuhn, Werner},
  title = {A Perspective on GIS Technology in the Nineties},
  journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {57},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1431--1436},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afmewkperspec91.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1991), "Design of Cartographic Databases", In Advances in Cartograpy. , pp. 15-45. Elsevier.
Abstract: Before an intelligent discussion of cartographic databases can start, we have to clarify the necessaryterminology: ``What is a cartographic database and how is this notion related to other similar terms,GIS in particular?'' We stress the importance of the database concept and detail some technicalaspects. The contents of a map can be conceptualized in different forms, from a purely graphical viewpoint to a highly structured collection of data, each set of concepts carrying with it its appropriate set of operations. After establishing the differences between GIS and cartographic data base, wethen go on to explore potential relations between a GIS and a cartographic database. Of specialinterest is how a GIS and a cartographic database for the same region are related and how one canbenefit from the other by establishing links between multiple representations of the same real objects. Technically speaking, the cartographic database is a `materialized view' of the GIS; therefore methods like triggers and active database concepts need to be explored for their suitability. The majorproblems in designing cartographic data structures are a lack of understanding of the structure ofmaps and the process that produces them, and the lack of model for map reading. The linkagebetween data structures and map structure is stressed and research topics outlined.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Frank1991b,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Muller, J. C.},
  title = {Design of Cartographic Databases},
  booktitle = {Advances in Cartograpy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {1991},
  pages = {15--45},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afcarto.pdf}
}
Al-Taha K and Frank AU (1991), "Temporal GIS Keeps Data Current", 1991-1992 International GIS Sourcebook. , pp. 384-388.
Abstract: A GIS is not just a collection of maps stored in a computer, but a database that should correctly model a particular region of the world. Since the world is changing continuously, GIS applications require that the data collection to be updated. Every GIS is, by definition, a database that manages spatial data and includes facilities to update its data so it continues to reflect the current situation. But only a GIS that includes ``time'' and ``space'' in its model of reality is often called a ``temporal GIS,'' which contains the current information and keeps the data that describe the previous states and when they were applicable. A temporal GIS must answer ``when-and-where-'' questions, such as: ``what were the boundaries of New York City in June, 1908?'' ``Where were the forest areas in New England in 1880,'' or ``which properties owned John Doe in Baltimore from August 1981 to June 1988.'' When GIss include time, they can really demonstrate the enormous advantage of a database that models reality compared to a conventional collection of printed maps.
BibTeX:
@article{Al-Taha1991,

  author = {Al-Taha, Khaled and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Temporal GIS Keeps Data Current},
  journal = {1991-1992 International GIS Sourcebook},
  year = {1991},
  pages = {384--388},
  file = {docs/docsA/bkaaftemporal91.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Egenhofer MJ (1990), "LOBSTER: Combining AI and Database Techniques for GIS", PE & RS. Vol. 56(6), pp. 919-926.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1990d,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Egenhofer, Max J.},
  title = {LOBSTER: Combining AI and Database Techniques for GIS},
  journal = {PE & RS},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {56},
  number = {6},
  pages = {919--926},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afasprslobster90.pdf}
}
Egenhofer M and Frank AU (1990), "Prospective Views of GIS Technologies and Applications", Geoprocessamento. , pp. 95-102.
BibTeX:
@article{Egenhofer1990b,

  author = {Egenhofer, M. and Frank, A. U.},
  title = {Prospective Views of GIS Technologies and Applications},
  journal = {Geoprocessamento},
  year = {1990},
  pages = {95--102},
  file = {docs/docsH/meafprospecv.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1990), "Telecommunication and GIS - Opportunities and Challenges", In Networking Spatial Information Systems. , pp. AF-1. Telecom Australia.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frankTelecom,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Cavill, Maria},
  title = {Telecommunication and GIS - Opportunities and Challenges},
  booktitle = {Networking Spatial Information Systems},
  publisher = {Telecom Australia},
  year = {1990},
  pages = {AF--1},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/aftelecommunic92.pdf}
}
Herring J, Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1990), "Using Category Theory to Model GIS Applications", In 4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. Vol. 2, pp. 820-829. IGU, Commission on Geographic Information Systems.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Herring1990a,

  author = {Herring, J. and Egenhofer, M. J. and Frank, A. U.},
  editor = {Brassel, K.},
  title = {Using Category Theory to Model GIS Applications},
  booktitle = {4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {IGU, Commission on Geographic Information Systems},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {820--829},
  file = {docs/docsH/jhmeafusing90.pdf}
}
Egenhofer M and Frank A (1989), "Object-oriented modeling in GIS: inheritance and propagation", In Proc. Auto-Carto. Vol. 9, pp. 588-598.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{egenhofer1989object,

  author = {Egenhofer, M and Frank, A},
  title = {Object-oriented modeling in GIS: inheritance and propagation},
  booktitle = {Proc. Auto-Carto},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {588--598},
  file = {docs/docsH/meafobjormod92.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1989), "The geographic information system and its use for valuation", Property Tax Journal. Vol. 8(1, March), pp. 85-98.
BibTeX:
@article{Frank1989a,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {The geographic information system and its use for valuation},
  journal = {Property Tax Journal},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1, March},
  pages = {85--98},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afgisuseval89.pdf}
}
Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1989), "User Interfaces for Spatial Information Systems: Manipulating the Graphical Representation", In Geologisches Jahrbuch.
BibTeX:
@incollection{Egenhofer1989(inpress),

  author = {Egenhofer, Max J. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {User Interfaces for Spatial Information Systems: Manipulating the Graphical Representation},
  booktitle = {Geologisches Jahrbuch},
  year = {1989},
  file = {docs/docsH/meafusernter92.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Egenhofer MJ (1988), "Object-Oriented Database Technology for GIS". Thesis at: GIS/LIS'88, San Antonio, Texas,. University of Maine, Department of Surveying Engineering.
BibTeX:
@techreport{Frank1988j,

  author = {Frank, A. U. and Egenhofer, M. J.},
  title = {Object-Oriented Database Technology for GIS},
  publisher = {University of Maine, Department of Surveying Engineering},
  school = {GIS/LIS'88, San Antonio, Texas,},
  year = {1988},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afmerep95obj1_2.88.pdf}
}
Palmer B and Frank AU (1988), "Spatial Languages", In Third International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. , pp. 201-210. International Geographical Union, Commission on Geographical Data Sensing and Processing.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{otherconft,

  author = {Palmer, Bruce and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Marble, D.},
  title = {Spatial Languages},
  booktitle = {Third International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling},
  publisher = {International Geographical Union, Commission on Geographical Data Sensing and Processing},
  year = {1988},
  pages = {201--210},
  file = {docs/docsA/blpafslang.pdf}
}
Frank AU, Hudson DL and Robinson VB (1987), "Artificial Intelligence Tools for GIS", In International Geographic Information Systems (IGIS) Symposium: The Research Agenda. Vol. II, pp. 257-272. NASA.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frankAItools,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U. and Hudson, Douglas L. and Robinson, Vincent B.},
  editor = {Aangeenbrug, Robert T. and Schiffman, Yale M.},
  title = {Artificial Intelligence Tools for GIS},
  booktitle = {International Geographic Information Systems (IGIS) Symposium: The Research Agenda},
  publisher = {NASA},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {II},
  pages = {257--272},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afdhartificialit87.pdf}
}
Robinson V and Frank AU (1987), "Expert Systems for Geographic Information Systems", PE & RS. Vol. 53(10), pp. 1435-1441.
BibTeX:
@article{ref.journale,

  author = {Robinson, V. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  title = {Expert Systems for Geographic Information Systems},
  journal = {PE & RS},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {53},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1435--1441},
  file = {docs/docsS/vrafexpsapprob.pdf},
  file2 = { docs/docsS/vrafexpertsgis87.pdf}
}
Egenhofer MJ and Frank AU (1987), "Object-Oriented Databases: Database Requirements for GIS", In International Geographic Information Systems (IGIS) Symposium: The Research Agenda. Vol. II, pp. 189-212. NASA.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{otherconfc,

  author = {Egenhofer, Max J. and Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Aangeenbrug, Robert T. and Schiffman, Yale M.},
  title = {Object-Oriented Databases: Database Requirements for GIS},
  booktitle = {International Geographic Information Systems (IGIS) Symposium: The Research Agenda},
  publisher = {NASA},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {II},
  pages = {189--212},
  file = {docs/docsH/meafobjordb87.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1987), "The Future of GIS - An Expert System", In Urban Regional Planning Information Society - Australia (URPIS).
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{frankFuture,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Zwart, Peter},
  title = {The Future of GIS - An Expert System},
  booktitle = {Urban Regional Planning Information Society - Australia (URPIS)},
  year = {1987},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afdhfuturegis87.pdf}
}
Frank AU (1987), "Towards a Spatial Theory", In International Geographic Information Systems (IGIS) Symposium: The Research Agenda. Vol. II NASA.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{FrankSpatialTheo,

  author = {Frank, Andrew U.},
  editor = {Aangeenbrug, Robert T. and Schiffman, Yale M.},
  title = {Towards a Spatial Theory},
  booktitle = {International Geographic Information Systems (IGIS) Symposium: The Research Agenda},
  publisher = {NASA},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {II},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/aftowardsst87.pdf}
}
Frank A (1983), "Datenstrukturen für Landinformationssysteme - Semantische, Topologische und Räumliche Beziehungen in Daten der Geo-Wissenschaften". Thesis at: ETH Zürich. ETH Zürich.
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{MitteilungenNo.34,

  author = {Frank, André},
  title = {Datenstrukturen für Landinformationssysteme - Semantische, Topologische und Räumliche Beziehungen in Daten der Geo-Wissenschaften},
  publisher = {ETH Zürich},
  school = {ETH Zürich},
  year = {1983},
  file = {docs/docsA/DissAF1983_02.pdf},
  file2 = {docs/docs_afxxx/afdiss83.pdf}
}
Frank AU and Studenmann B (1983), "Semantische, topologische und räumliche Datenstrukturen in Landinformationssystemen", In FIG XVII. Congress. Vol. Commission 3, pp. 301.1/1-13.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Frank1983d,

  author = {Frank, A. U. and Studenmann, Benoit},
  title = {Semantische, topologische und räumliche Datenstrukturen in Landinformationssystemen},
  booktitle = {FIG XVII. Congress},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {Commission 3},
  pages = {301.1/1--13},
  file = {docs/docs_afxxx/afbsrepsemanti83.pdf}
}